Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia

El valor y el precio de la publicación científica

Frequency of calicivirus in felines with respiratory signs in Medellin, Colombia (2020)

RESUMEN El calicivirus felino (CVF) es uno de los principales patógenos infectivos que causan la enfermedad del tracto respiratorio superior en gatos (ETRS). Es un virus de presentación común en gatos en condiciones de albergue o gatos con acceso al exterior, el cuadro clínico está asociado con sintomatología respiratoria, ulceraciones orales, secreción ocular y cojeras. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de calicivirus felino en animales con cuadro respiratorio en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, en 2020. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal donde se incluyeron 64 gatos domésticos con sintomatología compatible con enfermedad del tracto respiratorio superior y úlceras orales para determinación de frecuencia de presentación de CVF, la distribución fue 36 hembras y 28 machos y la raza mestiza fue la más frecuente con 47 ejemplares, los cuales fueron vacunados con vacuna convencional cepa F9. Se realizaron hisopados conjuntivales y nasales para diagnóstico por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP) para detección de calicivirus felino, de los cuales 22 gatos resultaron positivos a calicivirosis felina, con una frecuencia del 34,3% de la muestra evaluada. El calicivirus felino es una enfermedad de alta frecuencia de presentación en los felinos domésticos con sintomatología respiratoria y con úlceras orales en Medellín, Colombia, inclusive en gatos vacunados con vacunas convencionales que contienen la cepa F9, lo que puede implicar que están circulando cepas que no responden a estas vacunas.

ABSTRACT Feline calicivirus (FVC) is one of the main infectious pathogens causing upper respiratory tract disease in cats (URTD). It is a virus of common presentation in cats in shelter conditions or cats with access to the outside, the clinical picture is associated with respiratory symptoms, oral ulcerations, eye discharge, and lameness. To determine the frequency of feline calicivirus in animals with respiratory symptoms in Medellín, Colombia, in 2020, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, including 64 domestic cats with signs compatible with upper respiratory tract disease and oral ulcers. For determination of the frequency of presentation of FVC, the distribution was 36 females and 28 males, and the mestizo race was the most frequent with 47 specimens, which were vaccinated with conventional vaccine strain F9. Conjunctival and nasal swabs were performed for diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect feline calicivirus, of which 22 cats were positive for feline calicivirosis, representing a frequency of 34.3% of the sample evaluated. Feline calicivirus is a disease with a high frequency in domestic felines with respiratory symptoms and oral ulcers in Medellin, Colombia, including cats vaccinated with conventional vaccines containing the F9 strain, which may imply that strains that do not respond to these vaccines are circulating.

Effect of Silymarin on oxidative damage in chicken liver cell membranes

ABSTRACT In living beings, antioxidants are of vital importance for protection against oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Silymarin (SM), a plant-derived flavonoid present in the fruits and seeds of milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., has a recognized hepatoprotective effect. In this work, the in vitro silymarin antioxidant effect on non-enzymatic peroxidation (NEP) in chicken liver mitochondria and microsomes was studied. Oxidative stress in the organelles was induced by subjecting the samples (1 mg of protein) to an ascorbate-Fe++-dependent prooxidant system at 37 °C. Oxidative damage was quantified by chemiluminescence (CL) using a Packard1900 TR liquid scintillation counter (Meriden CT, USA). CL expressed as cpm (counts per minute) was read every 10 minutes to establish the course of peroxidation as a function of time. Likewise, the total cpm value (sum of the readings) was used to compare the inhibitory effect of SM using different concentrations corresponding to 6.25; 12.5, and 25 µg of the active ingredient (silymarin phosphatide) per mg of mitochondrial and microsomal protein. Controls were run simultaneously without the addition of ascorbate. Peroxidation inhibition was dependent on the concentration of SM in the incubation mixture. The results show that a protective effect on induced oxidative damage was found for all concentrations tested.

RESUMEN En los seres vivos, los antioxidantes son de vital importancia para la protección contra el daño oxidativo causado por las especies reactivas del oxígeno. La silimarina (SM), un flavonoide de origen vegetal presente en los frutos y semillas del cardo mariano Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., tiene un reconocido efecto hepatoprotector. En este trabajo se estudió el efecto antioxidante in vitro de la silimarina sobre la peroxidación no enzimática (PNE) en mitocondrias y microsomas de hígado de pollo. El estrés oxidativo en los orgánulos se indujo sometiendo las muestras (1 mg de proteína) a un sistema prooxidante dependiente de ascorbato-Fe++ a 37 °C. El daño oxidativo se cuantificó por quimioluminiscencia (QL) utilizando un contador de centelleo líquido Packard 1900 TR (Meriden CT, EE. UU.). QL expresado como cpm (recuentos por minuto) se leyó cada 10 minutos para establecer el curso de la peroxidación en función del tiempo. Asimismo, se usó el valor total de cpm (suma de las lecturas) para comparar el efecto inhibitorio de SM mediante diferentes concentraciones correspondientes a 6,25; 12,5 y 25 µg del ingrediente activo (fosfátido de silimarina) por mg de proteína mitocondrial y microsomal. Los controles se realizaron simultáneamente sin la adición de ascorbato. La inhibición de la peroxidación dependía de la concentración de SM en la mezcla de incubación. Los resultados muestran que para todas las concentraciones probadas se encontró un efecto protector sobre el daño oxidativo inducido

Biochemical blood profile in water buffaloes: alterations related to natural infection by Trypanosoma spp.

ABSTRACT Blood and biochemical profiles of animals can be used to evaluate the physiological state of an individual and relate it to that individual's health. In many countries, water buffaloes are currently evaluated using blood parameters from other bovine species. To accurately interpret the biochemical results from individual animals, species-specific reference ranges should be established. One hundred and twenty-eight water buffaloes, without clinical signs of disease and of different ages, were analyzed, and reference intervals were calculated (95% CI; p < 0.05). The data were analyzed according to three age groups (calves, young animals, and adults) and the infection status (infected or uninfected with Trypanosoma spp.). All the biochemical values of total serum proteins, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma globulin, urea nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus were included; these are parameters that are generally affected by parasites or by infection with hemotropic agents. Natural infection with Trypanosoma spp. gave rise to differences (p < 0.05) in terms of increased calcium and decreased total protein, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Thus, it can be inferred that the infection follows a chronic course in the affected animals, in this case, young animals or young animals.

RESUMO Introdução: Os perfis sanguíneos e bioquímicos de animais podem ser usados para avaliar o estado fisiológico de um indivíduo e relacioná-lo com a saúde desse indivíduo. Em muitos países, os búfalos são atualmente avaliados usando parâmetros sanguíneos de outras espécies bovinas. Para interpretar com precisão os resultados bioquímicos de animais individuais, os intervalos de referência específicos da espécie devem ser estabelecidos. Método: Foram analisados 128 búfalos, sem sinais clínicos da doença e de diferentes idades, e calculados os intervalos de referência (IC 95%; p < 0,05). Os dados foram analisados de acordo com três faixas etárias (bezerros, novilhos e adultos) e o estado de infecção (infectado ou não por Trypanosoma spp.). Todos os valores bioquímicos de proteínas séricas totais, aspartato aminotransferase, gamaglobulina, nitrogênio ureico, cálcio e fósforo foram incluídos; estes são parâmetros que geralmente são afetados por parasitas ou por infecção com agentes hemotrópicos. Resultados: A infecção natural por Trypanosoma spp. originaram diferenças (p < 0,05) em termos de aumento de cálcio e diminuição de proteína total, fosfatase alcalina e aspartato aminotransferase. Com isso, pode-se inferir que a infecção segue um curso crônico nos animais acometidos, neste caso, animais jovens ou novilhos.

Between the uncertainty of release and other forms of wildlife use

RESUMEN Con el proyecto que fundamenta este artículo se desarrolló un análisis detallado del destino final de animales silvestres por parte la autoridad ambiental, con enfoque en los procesos de liberación en los departamentos amazónicos del Amazonas, Caquetá y Putumayo, entre 2019 y 2021, para proponer alternativas efectivas de abordaje y manejo de la situación. Los datos fueron directamente requeridos a la Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Sur de la Amazonía (Corpoamazonía), y a partir de estos se desarrolló manejo estadístico para posteriormente interpretar los resultados obtenidos a la luz de la literatura académica publicada sobre el tema y la normatividad vigente relacionada. Como producto de la investigación, se identifica que la principal proveniencia de especímenes se establece en la entrega voluntaria (65,59%), seguido del rescate o traslado (27,87%), y decomiso, incautación, aprehensión o medida preventiva (3,96%). Como su principal destino final se identificó la liberación (45,21%). Del total de liberaciones entre 2019 y 2021, solo en 50 (4,09% de los casos), se consignó algún tipo de indicación del lugar o la ubicación específica donde se llevó a cabo, sin mención del procedimiento de caracterización del hábitat o genética del espécimen, o seguimiento posliberación, por lo que resulta necesario potenciar otras formas de uso de la fauna silvestre que permitan reducir el margen de incertidumbre.

ABSTRACT Alongside the project that supports this article, we developed a detailed analysis of the final destination of wild animals by the environmental authority, with a focus on the release processes in the Amazonian departments of Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo, between 2019 to 2021, in order to propose effective alternatives for approaching and managing the situation. The data was directly requested from the Corporation for the Sustainable Development of the South of the Amazon (Corpoamazonía), and they were handled with statistical management to interpret the results obtained according to the academic literature published on the subject and current related regulations. As a result of the investigation, the primary origin of the specimens was identified as voluntary surrender, in 65.59% of the cases; followed by rescue or transfer, in 27.87%; and confiscation, seizure, apprehension, or preventive measure in 3.96%. As their main final destination, release was identified in 45,21% of the cases. Of the total number of releases between 2019 and 2021, only 50 (4.09% of the cases) included some type of indication of the place or specific location where the release took place, with no mention of the habitat or genetic characterization procedure of the specimen, or postrelease follow-up, it is, therefore, necessary to promote other forms of wildlife use that reduce the margin of uncertainty.

Ecological impact of fipronil insecticide: risk assessment in humans

RESUMEN El fipronil es uno de los pesticidas más importantes usados en agricultura y animales domésticos. A concentraciones muy bajas para el control de especies destino, también es tóxico para especies no destino, incluyendo a las abejas y numerosos macroinvertebrados acuáticos y terrestres. Estudios de laboratorio y campo han demostrado que tanto el fipronil, como sus productos de degradación, a concentraciones medioambientales observadas son suficientes para poner en peligro numerosos taxones de la comunidad acuática, incluidos los peces. En esta revisión se describen estudios de ecotoxicología cuyo impacto en especies no destino ha sido clave para que la Unión Europea prohibiese el fipronil para uso agrícola en 2013 y Estados Unidos lo haya restringido en muchos cultivos y actualmente lo esté revisando para renovar los distintos registros. En Colombia se siguen registrando al menos 60 productos a base de fipronil y desde agosto de 2021 se prohíbe su uso en plantaciones de aguacate, café, cítricos y pasifloras. En 2017, a raíz de la contaminación de huevos con fipronil en Europa, la Agencia Europea para la Seguridad de Alimentos publicó varios estudios sobre el riesgo para la salud humana que podía tener el consumo de huevos y carne de pollos con residuos de fipronil. La conclusión fue que la ingesta de fipronil a las concentraciones detectadas en huevos y carne no superaba niveles esperados que produjesen efectos adversos para la salud.

ABSTRACT Fipronil is one of the most important pesticides used in agriculture and domestic animals. At very low concentrations used for controlling target species, it is also toxic to nontarget species including bees and numerous aquatic and terrestrial macroinvertebrates. Laboratory and field studies have shown that both fipronil, and its degradation products, at relevant environmental concentrations are sufficient to endanger numerous taxa in the aquatic community, including fish. In this review, ecotoxicology studies are described that show significant impact on non-target species that have been instrumental to ban fipronil for agriculture in the European Union since 2013 and restricting many uses in the United States. In Colombia, at least 60 fipronil-based products continue to be registered and since August 2021 its use has been prohibited in avocado, coffee, citrus and ornamental flower plantations. In 2017, following the widespread contamination of eggs with fipronil across Europe, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) conducted several risk assessments for the consumption of eggs and chicken meat contaminated with fipronil residues. The conclusion was that the consumption of fipronil at the concentrations detected in eggs and meat did not exceed levels expected to pose health hazard for humans.

Fascioliasis, an emerging zoonosis in Peru and the world: factors associated with infection in school-age children

RESUMEN El trematodo Fasciola hepática genera la parasitosis zoonótica denominada fascioliasis, que aqueja especialmente a niños de edad escolar pertenecientes a poblaciones del sector rural donde se practica la agricultura. El objetivo de la revisión fue mostrar la realidad de la fascioliasis en Perú frente al resto del mundo y sus factores asociados. Se efectuó un estudio de carácter bibliométrico, descriptivo y transversal, recopilando publicaciones hasta 2021, como artículos originales, comunicaciones cortas y reporte de casos, utilizando como estrategia de pesquisa en internet la combinación de palabras clave y operadores booleanos empleados en las bases de datos de Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, Proquest y Scielo, así como tesis de repositorios universitarios. Se encontró que los países con mayor prevalencia son Perú, Bolivia, Camboya y Venezuela. La prevalencia de fascioliasis en niños de edad escolar en Perú es superior a 15% y se incrementa con la altitud de las zonas endémicas. La prevalencia promedio en ovinos es hiperendémica y en bovinos y caprinos, mesoendémica. Además, edad y género son posibles factores asociados a fascioliasis, así como las características de su vivienda, ingestión de verduras y bebidas crudas, convivencia con animales domésticos, coinfección con parásitos intestinales, algunos signos clínicos y el estado nutricional. En conclusión, la fascioliasis es una parasitosis de distribución mundial que aún presenta problemas de diagnóstico, debido a que la sintomatología obedece a la fase que atraviesa la infección y a cuadros similares presentados por otras afecciones.

Abstract The trematode Fasciola hepática generates the zoonotic parasitosis known as fascioliasis, which especially afflicts school-age children from rural populations where agriculture is practiced. The objective of the review was to show the reality of fascioliasis in Peru compared to the rest of the world and its associated factors. A bibliometric, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, compiling publications up to the year 2021; such as original articles, short communications and case reports, using the combination of keywords and Boolean operators used in the Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, Proquest and Scielo databases as an internet research strategy, as well as thesis of university repositories. It was found that the countries with the highest prevalence are Peru, Bolivia, Cambodia and Venezuela. The prevalence of fascioliasis in school-age children in Peru is greater than 15% and increases with altitude in endemic areas. The average prevalence in sheep is hyperendemic and in cattle and goats mesoendemic. In addition, possible factors associated with fascioliasis are the age and gender of the children, as well as the characteristics of your home; ingestion of raw vegetables and drinks; coexistence with pets, coinfection with intestinal parasites, some clinical signs and nutritional status. In conclusion, fascioliasis is a worldwide distribution parasitosis that still presents diagnostic problems, because the symptoms are due to the phase that the infection goes through and similar conditions presented by other conditions.

Morphology, production and potentialities of forage watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) for animal nutrition: A review

RESUMO A limitação, disponibilidade irregular e elevado custo de alguns alimentos que são produzidos em outras regiões e transportados para o semiárido brasileiro para serem fornecidos aos animais são alguns dos principais entraves para a atividade pecuária nessa região, resultando na necessidade de alternativas alimentares, especialmente volumosos com qualidade que possam ser utilizados para os rebanhos. Nessa condição, a melancia forrageira (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) é um recurso forrageiro em potencial, já que se trata de uma planta de cultivo com ciclo rápido, propagação por sementes e que, além de ofertar nutrientes, é fonte de água aos animais, característica muito apreciada em regiões áridas e semiáridas. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão é traçar um quadro teórico de aspectos relacionados à morfologia, produção e potencialidades de uso da melancia forrageira na alimentação de pequenos ruminantes. Uma busca criteriosa de artigos científicos sobre características morfoagronômicas, produtividade e aplicações da melancia forrageira em dietas para ruminantes foi realizada. Embora se tenham poucos estudos que utilizem a melancia forrageira, os conhecimentos empíricos e científicos obtidos através dos anos indicam o seu uso como uma opção viável para uma complementação alimentar dos rebanhos nas épocas secas. Sua rusticidade aliada à sua resistência no período de pós-colheita são qualidades que lhe confere a qualificação de um recurso forrageiro com grande potencial.

ABSTRACT The limitation, irregular availability, and high cost of some foods that are produced in other regions and transported to the Brazilian semi-arid region for animal feeding are some of the main obstacles to the livestock activity in this region, resulting in the need to seek food alternatives, especially voluminous that can be used for cattle herds. In this context, the forage watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) is a potential forage resource, as it is a crop plant with a fast cycle, outstanding seed propagation, and a good source of nutrients and water for animals, a feature highly appreciated in arid and semi-arid regions. Consequently, this review sought to outline a theoretical framework of the aspects related to the morphology, production, and potential use of forage watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) in feeding small ruminants. For this purpose, we conducted a thorough search of scientific articles on morpho-agronomic characteristics, productivity, and applications of forage watermelon in diets for ruminants. Although few studies report the use of forage watermelon, the empirical and scientific knowledge obtained over the years indicates it is a viable option for supplementary feeding of herds during dry seasons. Its rusticity, combined with its resistance in the post-harvest period, are qualities that give forage watermelon the qualification of a forage resource with great potential.

Meta-analytical study on the microbiology of ground beef in Brazil

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da carne bovina moída por meio de um estudo metanalítico. Para o estudo metanalítico, utilizou-se como base de dados o Google Scholar Brasil, concentrando-se no período de busca entre outubro de 2020 e junho de 2021. Foram avaliados 108 estudos científicos com as variáveis analisadas referentes a contagens de bactérias mesófilas, bactérias psicrotróficas, coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella sp. em unidade formadora de colônia por grama de carne (UFC.g-1). Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise descritiva e distribuição normal por histograma de frequência. As contagens de bactérias mesófilas apresentaram uma média de 3,09 UFC.g-1 com coeficiente de variação de 68,53%. As bactérias psicrotróficas apresentaram 27,27% dos dados levantados próximos a 5,60 UFC.g-1. Com relação aos coliformes termotolerantes, 40% dos dados levantados estavam com contagens entre 0,90 e 40% em 3,10 UFC.g-1. Oito estudos apresentaram efeitos (P < 0,001) sobre a presença se Salmonella sp. na carne moída, sendo este estudo metanalítico classificado como heterogêneo (Chi2 = 80,39; P < 0,001) e com inconsistência alta (I2 = 81%). A metanálise constatou baixa contagem de bactérias mesófilas e Staphylococcus aureus em pesquisas brasileiras que abordassem a qualidade microbiológica da carne moída bovina. Estudos metanalíticos como o proposto são necessários para identificar os problemas relacionados à transmissão de doenças em alimentos. Observou-se que, nos achados brasileiros, Staphylococcus aureus e mesófilos foram encontrados em menor quantidade, com maior presença de Samonella sp.

ABSTRACT This paper evaluates the microbiological quality of ground beef through a meta-analytic study using Google Scholar Brazil database, with a focus on the search period between October 2020 and June 2021. A total of 108 scientific studies were evaluated with the analyzed variables, referring to the counts of mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp. In colony forming unit per gram of meat (CFU.g-1). Data were subjected to descriptive analysis and normal distribution by frequency histogram. The counts of mesophilic bacteria presented an average of 3.09 CFU.g-1, with a coefficient of variation of68.53%. Psychrotrophic bacteria represented 27.27% of the data collected, close to 5.60 CFU.g-1. Regarding thermotolerant coliforms, 40% of the data collected had counts between 0.90 and 40% at 3.10 CFU.g-1. Eight studies showed effects (p < 0.001) on the presence of Salmonella sp. in ground beef. This meta-analytic study was classified as heterogeneous (Chi2 = 80.39; p < 0.001) and with high inconsistency (P = 81%). Besides, the meta-analysis allowed identifying low counts of mesophilic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus in Brazilian studies addressing the microbiological quality of ground beef.