Psicología desde el Caribe

Risk perception and non-perception of COVID-19: new challenges

Personality structuring in children abandoned by their parents

Resumen Esta investigación expone cómo la ausencia de ambos padres afecta la estructuración de la personalidad en los niños y niñas que vivencian el abandono, tomando como aporte lo planteado por la teoría sistémica respecto a la familia, la cual la considera como el primer ente de contacto y el espacio en que se inicia el desarrollo psicológico y social de las personas; igualmente lo planteado por la teoría psicoanalítica en cuanto a la estructuración de la personalidad. La familia es considerada como una pieza fundamental en el desarrollo psicológico del niño; por lo tanto, la presencia de ambos padres cumple un papel significativo durante el crecimiento físico y psicológico. El objetivo principal fue analizar cómo se está estructurando la personalidad en los niños y niñas abandonados por sus progenitores. La investigación se ajusta al método cualitativo, y en ella participaron seis menores de uno y otro sexo, cuyas edades oscilaron entre los nueve y once años de edad; los participantes formaban parte del ICBF (Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar). Se aplicaron entrevistas abiertas en total dos pruebas proyectivas: el CAT (Test de Apercepción Temática para niños CATA) y Test del Dibujo de la Familia, estudio de caso, historia clínica y observaciones personalizadas. Se destaca que los niños y niñas actualmente no cuentan con la presencia de una figura masculina que pueda cumplir con las funciones de una figura paterna y que pueda dar paso a que el Edipo encuentre una salida adecuada; además las mujeres encargadas de los cuidados de los participantes cambian con frecuencia lo cual genera en ellos dificultades en el establecimiento de vínculos afectivos seguros, y presentan un yo y superyó débiles y con notables vacíos afectivos en sus relaciones vinculares primarias.

Abstract This exposes how the absence of both parents affects the structuring of the personality in the boys and girls who experience the abandonment, taking as contribution what was proposed by the systemic theory in front of the family, which considers it as the first entity of contact and the space in which the psychological and social development of people begins, likewise what is posed by psychoanalytic theory regarding the structuring of personality. The family is considered as a fundamental piece in the child’s psychological development, therefore the presence of both parents plays a significant role during physical and psychological growth. The main objective was to analyze how the personality is being structured in children abandoned by their parents. The research is adjusted to the qualitative method, where six minors of both sexes participated, whose ages ranged from nine to eleven years of age; the participants were part of the ICBF (Colombian Institute of Family Welfare). Two projective tests were applied to open interviews: the CAT (Thematic Apperception Test for children CATA) and the Family Drawing Test, case study, medical history and personalized observations. It is highlighted that boys and girls currently do not they have the presence of a male figure who can fulfill the functions of a father figure and who can make way for the Oedipus to find a suitable outlet; furthermore, the women in charge of the care of the participants change frequently, generating difficulties in establishing secure affective bonds, presenting a weak self and superego and with notable affective gaps in their primary bonding relationships.

Instrumentto Assess Existential Personal Responsibility: An Exploratory Study

Resumen El concepto de responsabilidad personal en la psicoterapia existencial ha sido teorizado tradicionalmente sobre los aportes del existencialismo fenomeno-lógico en filosofía, y si bien se ha contrastado en diferentes experiencias clínicas, esto no ha llevado a que se le someta a evaluación sistemática mediante la investigación cuantitativa, con lo cual la escala aquí presentada resulta un aporte, aunque limitado, relevante para los métodos e insumos de investigación en psicología, especialmente para el enfoque existencial. El objetivo de este estudio es proponer una estrategia de medición adecuada para el constructo de responsabilidad personal existencial en personas entre 17 y 35 años. Se presentan en este trabajo los procedimientos realizados y los resultados psicométricos en la evaluación exploratoria, también varios hallazgos y elaboraciones teóricas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 479, jóvenes-adultos de la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia). El análisis exploratorio permitió identificar dos factores: uno que evalúa la conciencia de libertad y otro la elección personal. Se encontró una adecuada consistencia interna con un alfa de Cronbach de 0,84.

Abstract The concept of personal responsibility in existential psychotherapy has traditionally been theorized based on the contributions of phenomenological existentialism in philosophy, and although it has been contrasted in different clinical experiences, this has not led to being subjected to systematic evaluation through quantitative research, because of this, the scale presented here is a relevant contribution, albeit limited, to the methods and inputs of research in psychology, especially for the existential approach. The objective of this study is to propose an adequate measurement strategy for the cons- truct of existential personal responsibility in people between 17 and 35 years old. The performed procedures and psychometric results of the exploratory evaluation are presented in this paper, also various findings and theoretical elaborations. The sample consisted of 479, young adults from the city of Medellín. The exploratory analysis allowed the identification of two factors, one that evaluates the conscience of freedom and the other the personal choice. An adequate internal consistency was found with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.84.

Pro-environmental rules: Analysis based on their relevance, associated consequences, and effort to follow them

Resumen A pesar de varias décadas de estudios sobre las actitudes hacia el medio ambiente y las variables personales y sociales asociadas a ellas, la educación ambiental no ha logrado generar cambios significativos en la adopción de comportamientos ambientales. La educación en reglas verbales se propone como una alternativa para lograr los cambios comportamentales requeridos, por considerar que sugiere soluciones pragmáticas para reducir la distancia entre el decir-hacer y orientar la investigación futura sobre el comportamiento proambiental. . Un total de 469 participantes de diferentes grupos de edad tomó parte de este estudio: 376 informaron de las frecuencias del seguimiento de reglas proambientales a través de un cuestionario y 93 clasificaron diferentes tipos de comportamientos proambientales en un procedimiento de selección libre, y también en relación con las consecuencias y esfuerzo asociados a estos comportamientos. Los resultados permiten observar los efectos que ha tenido la educación ambiental en la conceptualización del comportamiento proambiental, pero con carencias en el establecimiento de la conexión de estos comportamientos con consecuencias sociales y naturales. Se discuten las implicaciones para la educación ambiental.

Abstract Despite several decades of studies on attitudes to the environment and the personal and social variables associated to them, environmental education has largely failed to make substantial gains in the adoption of pro-environmental behaviors. Education on rule-governed behavior is proposed as an alternative for reducing the distance between saying and doing behavioral change that suggests pragmatic solutions and promising avenues for future investigation on pro-environmental behavior. A total of 469 participants from different age groups took part of this study. 376 reported the frequencies of following pro-environmental rules through a questionnaire, and 93 categorized different kinds of pro-environmental behaviors in a free sorting procedure and also in relation to consequences and effort associated to these behaviors. Even though results evidence the effects of environmental education in recognizing environmental relevant behaviors they lack in establishing the connection of these behaviors with social and natural consequences. Implications for environmental education are discussed.

Patterns of teacher-student interaction in Colombian schools of high and low performance in sciences

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los patrones de interacción profesorestudiante en colegios colombianos de alto y bajo rendimiento en el área de ciencias. Para esto se observaron las interacciones de 12 profesores y 118 estudiantes en clases de física, química y biología de secundaria. Se utilizó la pauta de observación Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS-Upper Elementary) para describir las interacciones en los dominios de apoyo pedagógico, apoyo emocionaly organización de la clase durante tres sesiones de una misma unidad temática. Las puntuaciones en estos dominios fueron comparadas entre los colegios de alto y bajo desempeño en pruebas estandarizadas en ciencias. En general no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los patrones de interacción entre profesor y estudiantes pertenecientes a colegios de alto y bajo desempeño en ciencias. Sin embargo, dentro del dominio de apoyo pedagógico se encontraron diferencias en relación con las dimensiones de comprensión del contenido y dialogo instruccional; en estas dimensiones, los patrones de interacción de los profesores-estudiantes pertenecientes a colegios con alto desempeño en ciencias mostraron mejores desempeños que los de bajo desempeño. Se discuten las implicaciones educativas de los hallazgosy se realizan sugerencias para trabajos observacionales similares.

Abstract This study aimed to compare the student teacher interaction patterns in high and low performance Colombian schools in science. We observed the interactions of 12 teachers and 118 high school students in physics, chemistry and biology courses. We used the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) to describe the interactions in the domains of instructional support, emotional support and class organization during three class sessions. We compared the scores in these domains between the high and low performance schools in standardized science tests. In general, we didn´t find any significant difference except in the domain of instructional support in the dimensions of content understanding and instructional dialogue. We discuss the educational implications of the findings and make suggestions for similar observational work.

Quando comer não é suficiente: tríade, cuidado/educação, desenvolvimento e uso dos objetos durante as refeições em duas creches do DF

Resumo O presente estudo caracteriza o uso de objetos e de práticas alimentares e descreve as qualidades das interações na tríade cuidadora-objeto-criança (12 a 24 meses) durante as refeições em duas creches em Brasília. A análise enfoca ações, diálogos e aspectos metacomunicativos expressos pelas tríades ao longo da ação pedagógica. A pesquisa utilizou análise microgenética, com observação não participante, filmagem, fotos e registros escritos. Identificouse, por meio deste estudo, como o uso de objetos e a relação triádica são desenvolvidos nas refeições e os aspectos relacionais/educacionais emergentes nesses momentos. Com base nas análises microgenéticas, ficou evidente que os objetos, relações e formas de comunicação na relação triádica estão relacionados com a apropriação e compreensão do uso de objetos, ações de tempo de refeição e práticas contextuais em sala de aula. Os resultados identificam a necessidade de trazer à tona aspectos de significado e sentido durante as refeições em contextos educacionais da primeira infância. O envolvimento da tríade mediante as tentativas de criar cânones das ações, o papel da ação intencional da cuidadora e a dinâmica variegada da semiótica da tríade salientam nas conclusões da pesquisa.

Abstract This paper addresses the use of objects within mealtime practices of 12-14 months old children in two day-care centers in Brasilia. It aims at understanding the qualities of the triadic interactions of teacher-object-child. A research was conducted in order to favor such interactions during everyday school routine. Empirical data collection consisted in non-participant observation, video recording of mealtime episodes, written notes and photos. Microgenetic analyses focused on actions, dialogues and meta-communicative aspects which allowed the identification of the emergence of triadic relationships during mealtime. Special emphasis was drawn on a variety of engagements with food and eating utensils during the educational settings. Results suggest that objects, engagements, and ways of communication in the triadic relationships are related with actions, appropriation and understanding of the use of objects, mealtime actions and cultural practices. Conclusions reveal that important aspects related to meaning making during mealtime in early childhood education and show how the triadic engagement allow the emergence of canonical actions, and the role of the caregiver’s leadership, as well as, the variegated semiotic dynamics into the triadic relations.

Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment (FIE) basic in children with ADHD and Dyslexia

Resumo Há evidências da eficácia do Programa de Enriquecimento Instrumental (PEI), versão básica, sobre inteligência, processamento visoespacial e flexibilidade cognitiva. Como tais habilidades podem estar prejudicadas em transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento, como TDAH e dislexia, investigou-se a eficácia do PEI em 22 crianças com tais quadros. Comparou-se o grupo experimental (GE) ao controle pré e pós-intervenção em testes neuropsicológicos, sendo conduzidas até 26 sessões de intervenção. Foi analisada a interação entre grupo e momento e comparadas as diferenças de desempenho entre os dois momentos. Tal comparação revelou maior ganho do GE em duas tarefas de flexibilidade cognitiva com tamanho de efeito grande; em oito medidas com tamanho de efeito moderado (incluindo medidas de inteligência, processamento visoespacial e funções executivas) e em 13 medidas com tamanho de efeito pequeno. O grupo controle apresentou maior ganho apenas em nomeação. Conclui-se que o PEI-básico apresentou efeitos especialmente em flexibilidade cognitiva com crianças com TDAH e dislexia.

Abstract There is evidence of the effectiveness of Feuerstein’s Instrumental Enrichment (FIE), basic version, on intelligence, visuospatial processing, and cognitive flexibility. As such skills may be impaired in neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD and dyslexia, their efficacy was investigated in 22 children with such conditions. The experimental group (EG) was compared to pre and post-intervention control in neuropsychological tests, in up to 26 intervention sessions. Interaction between group and moment was analyzed, and performance differences between the two moments were compared. Such a comparison revealed greater gain of the EG in two tasks of cognitive flexibility with large effect size; in eight measures with moderate effect size (including intelligence measures, visuospatial processing and executive functions) and in 13 measures with small effect size. The control group presented greater gain only in appointment. It is concluded that PEI-basic showed effects especially in cognitive flexibility with children with ADHD and dyslexia.

Sense of ownership in children: evolutionary bases

Resumen O sentido de propriedade reflete o entendimento e o julgamento que as pessoas apresentam em relação à apropriação e ao uso dos recursos disponíveis. A partir de um enfoque evolucionista, os objetivos deste artigo foram realizar uma análise teórica sobre a ontogênese do sentido de propriedade buscando descrever os critérios utilizados pelas crianças para atribuírem a propriedade a alguém e lançar uma hipótese explicativa de haver alguma vantagem adaptativa para essa capacidade. Conclusões preliminares sugerem que crianças, em diferentes culturas, usam variados critérios para fazerem julgamentos e inferências sobre a posse e a propriedade e que o aparecimento precoce dessa capacidade desempenharia importante papel para as interações sociais, tais como o de minimizar conflitos originados pela disputa de recursos.

Abstract The sense of ownership reflects people’s understanding and judgment regarding the appropriation and use of available resources. From an evolutionary approach, the aims of this paper were to conduct a theoretical analysis on the ontogenesis of the sense of property, seeking to describe the criteria used by children to assign property to someone and to put forward an explanatory hypothesis that there is an adaptive advantage in this capacity. Preliminary conclusions suggest that children, in different cultures, use varying criteria to make judgments and inferences about possess and ownership, and that the early emergence of this ability would play an important role in social interactions, such as minimizing conflicts arising from resource disputes.