Revista de Economía del Caribe

Accounting practices: an exploration of the financial knowledge of family businesses in the canton of La Maná, Ecuador

Resumen Los efectos significativos de una contabilidad deficiente en emprendimientos familiares motivan esta investigación. Por ello, el objetivo del estudio fue analizar el nivel de conocimiento financiero en las prácticas contables de los emprendimientos familiares del cantón de La Maná, a través de la respuesta del estadístico multivariante del análisis factorial exploratorio. La metodología utilizada tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño no experimental en la evaluación de las prácticas contables y el conocimiento financiero. Para ello, se aplicó un muestreo probabilístico con un nivel de confianza del 95% y un nivel de error del 5%, el cual dio como resultado una muestra de 191 emprendimientos para el desarrollo de las encuestas y la investigación. El resultado relacional de las variables del constructo fue muy aceptable (KMO= 0.782), dicho resultado denotó una adecuación muestral sólida para realizar un análisis factorial exploratorio; por consiguiente, el análisis reveló que los tres primeros componentes explican el 81% de la varianza total de la respuesta de los emprendimientos. Finalmente, se concluyó que el conocimiento tributario, junto con otros elementos, mejora significativamente la comprensión de las prácticas contables y el conocimiento financiero. Por tal razón, se demostró que los emprendimientos familiares en el cantón de La Maná poseen un nivel moderado (Rho= 0.600) de conocimiento financiero en estas áreas.

Abstract The significant effects of poor accounting on family businesses motivated this research. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the level of financial knowledge in the accounting practices of family businesses in La Maná canton, through exploratory factor analysis. The methodology used had a quantitative approach with a non-experimental design in the evaluation of accounting practices and financial knowledge. For this purpose, a probabilistic sampling was applied with a confidence level of 95% and an error level of 5%, which resulted in a sample of 191 undertakings for the development of surveys and research. The relational result of the construct variables was very acceptable (KMO = 0.782); this result denoted a solid sampling adequacy to carry out an exploratory factor analysis. Consequently, the analysis revealed that the first three components explain 81% of the total variance in the response of the ventures. Finally, it was concluded that tax knowledge, together with other elements, significantly improves the understanding of accounting practices and financial knowledge. For this reason, it was demonstrated that family businesses in La Maná canton have a moderate level (Rho = 0.600) of financial knowledge in these areas.

The Third Lost Decade of the Brazilian Economy: The Years 2010 to 2019

Resumo A economia brasileira tem dois períodos considerados como perdidos em termos de crescimento econômico e outros indicadores sociais. O primeiro é a década de 1980, na qual o país teve que lidar com o endividamento externo, hiperinflação, concentração de renda e diversos planos de estabilização que não obtiveram sucesso. A década de 1990 é uma continuação da década anterior e, apesar do êxito do Plano Real, também ficou conhecida na literatura como a segunda década perdida em decorrência do baixo crescimento, desemprego elevado e agravamento da desigualdade de renda. Na década de 2010, a taxa média de crescimento da economia brasileira foi inferior às apresentadas nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, o que permite questionar se os anos de 2010 podem ser caracterizados como a terceira década perdida. Portanto, responder a esse questionamento é o objetivo deste artigo. Classificação JEL: E32; E05; E65.

Abstract The Brazilian economy has two periods considered lost in terms of economic growth and other social indicators. The first one is the 1980s, during which the country had to deal with external debt, hyperinflation, income inequality, and various stabilization plans that were unsuccessful. The 1990s continued the challenges of the previous decade, and despite the success of the Real Plan, it is also known in the literature as the second lost decade due to low growth, high unemployment, and worsening income inequality. In the 2010s, the average growth rate of the Brazilian economy was lower than that of the 1980s and 1990s, which raises the question of whether the 2010s can be characterized as the third lost decade. Therefore, addressing this question is the objective of this article.

Tax Effects on Micro and Small Craft Enterprises (A Systematic Review)

Resumen El departamento de Ayacucho, Perú, se encuentra entre los departamentos con mayor cantidad de Mypes dedicadas a las artesanías. También es una región con elevadas unidades productivas y población económicamente activa informal, generando la evasión de impuestos por parte de las empresas y el constreñimiento de la economía local y nacional. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer los efectos tributarios de las Mypes artesanales. La metodología es cualitativa, descriptiva y explicativa, siguiendo la declaración PRISMA. Las bases de datos consultadas para la revisión fueron SciELO, Scopus, Google Scholar, Dialnet y Redalyc. Los resultados dieron 21 investigaciones, entre artículos científicos, revisiones y tesis. Se concluye que la tributación de impuestos no solo mejora la economía local y nacional, sino que las Mypes obtienen facilidades y oportunidades de crecimiento en el mercado internacional. Sin embargo, la evasión tributaria e informalidad están sujetas al desconocimiento de los empresarios sobre las ventajas de la formalización, la falta de distribución por parte del Estado peruano, los engorrosos trámites burocráticos que implican la formalización y la ilusoria perspectiva de que al evadir impuestos se genera mayor rentabilidad en la empresa.

Abstract The department of Ayacucho, Peru, is among the departments with the highest number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) dedicated to handicrafts. It is also a region with high productive units and a significant portion of the economically active population being informal. This leads to tax evasion by companies and constrains both the local and national economy. The aim of this study is to understand the tax effects on artisanal SMEs. The methodology is qualitative, descriptive, and explanatory, and follows the PRISMA statement. The databases consulted for the review were SciELO, Scopus, Google Scholar, Dialnet, and Redalyc. The results yielded 21 investigations, including scientific articles, reviews, and theses. The study concludes that tax collection not only improves the local and national economy but also provides SMEs with facilities and opportunities for international market growth. However, tax evasion and informality are due to the entrepreneurs' lack of knowledge about the advantages of formalization, the lack of distribution by the Peruvian state, the cumbersome bureaucratic procedures involved in formalization, and the illusory perspective that evading taxes generates greater profitability in the company.

Economic consolidation of micro region XVI, in the south of the State of Hidalgo, Mexico

Abstract Micro-region XVI is a territory located in the south of Hidalgo State. It presents large economic imbalances but, at the same time, shows important competitive advantages that, if well used, could trigger a development pole with multiple benefits for citizens and enterprises.The objective of the research is to detect the productive activities with the greatest economic potential in the micro-region XVI. To achieve this, a methodology with a quantitative approach was developed. This allows building a balanced work in which indicators, statistics, and relevant data are contemplated. The methodology uses panel data for the years 2004 to 2019. It is concluded that micro-region XVI has a productive vocation based on the chemical, food, beverage, and tobacco industries, as well as the manufacture of accessories, electrical appliances, and electrical energy generation equipment.

Resumen La microrregión XVI es un territorio ubicado en el sur del estado de Hidalgo. Presenta en conjunto grandes desequilibrios económicos, pero al mismo tiempo muestra importantes ventajas competitivas que, bien aprovechadas, podrían detonar un polo de desarrollo con múltiples beneficios sociales. El objetivo de la investigación es detectar las actividades productivas con mayor potencial económico en la microrregión XVI; para ello se desarrolla una metodología con enfoque cuantitativo. Esto permite construir un trabajo equilibrado en el que se contemplan indicadores, estadísticas y datos relevantes. La metodología utiliza datos de panel de los años 2004 al 2019. Se concluye que la microrregión XVI tiene una vocación productiva basada en la industria química, de alimentos, bebidas y tabaco, así como en la fabricación de accesorios, electrodomésticos y equipos de generación de energía eléctrica.

Relationships between economic theory variables and mathematical instruments for assessing competition conditions and market power

Abstract The sole existence of a market does not guarantee the maximum level of efficiency and social welfare it can provide through a competitive structure. As a result, a set of theoretical relationships and mathematical instruments have been developed to measure how far existing markets are from being competitive; as well as how much power firms have for setting prices and earn more than they would do in competitive markets. In this line, the current paper discusses and integrates diverse theoretical relationships and mathematical instruments underlying the assessment of competition conditions and market power and exhibits how the estimation of these instruments can be simplified to require only two variables: market shares and the price elasticity of demand. JEL Classification: D40; L10; L40

Resumen La sola existencia de un mercado no garantiza el máximo nivel de eficiencia y bienestar social que este puede alcanzar a través de una estructura competitiva. Como resultado, se han desarrollado un conjunto de relaciones teóricas e instrumentos matemáticos que permiten cuantificar qué tan lejos están los mercados existentes de ser competitivos, así como cuánto poder tienen las empresas para fijar precios y ganar más de lo que obtendrían en mercados competitivos. En este sentido, el presente documento analiza e integra diversas relaciones teóricas e instrumentos matemáticos que sustentan la evaluación de las condiciones de competencia y el poder de mercado, y muestra cómo la estimación de estos instrumentos se puede simplificar para requerir solo dos variables: participaciones de mercado y elasticidad precio de la demanda. Clasificación JEL: D40; L10; L40

Currency and Banking in Antioquia Colombia - Late 19th Century

Resumen En este artículo se aproximan algunas elaboraciones al proceso en desarrollo histórico del escenario monetario y bancario de la Provincia de Antioquia a finales del siglo XIX. Se hace tránsito por los lugares de la escasez monetaria, la emisión de moneda y las complicadas redes de capitalistas individuales, que marcarían la senda de la política monetaria y bancaria. En esta exposición, en sumo grado abstracta, la comprensión de la moneda y la banca en el caso que se convoca, más allá del carácter funcional, ayuda a detenerse en las tendencias como constitutivos de los vínculos sociales. Esto remite inmediatamente a la relación entre la emisión de billetes privados y el billete fiscal. Esto no surge súbitamente, sino que corresponde a un proceso de transformación histórica de la producción social.

Abstract This article approaches some elaborations on the historical development process of the monetary and banking scenario of the Province of Antioquia at the end of the 19th century. It goes through the places of monetary scarcity, currency issuance, and the complicated networks of individual capitalists, which would mark the path of monetary and banking policy. In this highly abstract exposition, understanding currency and banking in the case in question, beyond its functional character, helps to focus on tendencies as constitutive of social bonds. This immediately refers to the relationship between the issuance of private banknotes and the fiscal banknote. This does not arise suddenly but corresponds to a process of historical transformation of social production. JEL: N26, N20, E51.

Brazilian migratory dynamics: a review of empirical literature in the light of classical, neoclassical, and structuration of migration theories of migration

Abstract In recent decades, Brazil has undergone marked transformations in the flows, volumes, and peculiarities of migratory movements, from predominantly rural to a country where most individuals live in urban areas. Therefore, this article aims to review the literature on Brazilian migratory dynamics, highlighting the primary empirical evidence and associating them with the main migration theories. The main theories of migration analyzed are based on the classical, neoclassical, and structuralist views that significantly corroborate the analyses of internal and international migrations. It was found that the main reason influencing the internal population displacement in Brazil is the search for better working conditions, especially with incomes higher than those earned in the region of origin of the migrants.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas o Brasil passou por transformações acentuadas nos fluxos, volumes e nas peculiaridades dos movimentos migratórios, deixando de ser predominantemente rural, para um país onde a maioria dos indivíduos vivem em áreas urbanas. Diante disso, este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão da literatura acerca da dinâmica migratória brasileira, destacando as principais evidencias empírica encontradas e associando-as as principais teorias da migração. As principais teorias da migração analisadas tomam como base a visão clássica, neoclássica e estruturalista que corroboram de forma significativa as análises das migrações internas e internacionais. Constatou-se, que, o principal motivo que influencia o deslocamento populacional interno no Brasil é a busca por melhores condições de trabalho, especialmente com rendimentos superiores àqueles auferidos na região de origem dos migrantes.