Introduction:

Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is a rare entity characterized by the presence of gas in the intestine wall, which is usually diagnosed as an incidental radiological finding.

Clinical case:

This paper reports the case of a 63-year-old patient with a history of chronic epigastralgia, who consulted due to a clinical picture of 1 week of evolution consisting of diffuse abdominal pain associated with abdominal distension, anorexia, emesis and diarrhea. Physical examination revealed a distended, tympanic abdomen, painful on palpation, with decreased bowel sounds and no signs of peritoneal irritation. A simple abdominal radiograph was performed, showing overdistension of intestinal loops, air-fluid levels, absence of distal gas and pneumoperitoneum. The patient was taken to exploratory laparotomy, where severe PI was observed in the final 100cm of the ileum.

Discussion:

PI, especially the cystic variant, is a rare pathology, with only 565 cases described worldwide and 6 in Latin America. This condition may go unnoticed due to its difficult diagnosis. Although diagnosis is considered to be radiological, 40% of the cases are found during surgery, as was the case of this patient. Surgical indication for this case was pneumoperitoneum, the most common complication (51%).

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