List of the genera of Stratiomyidae (Diptera: Stratiomyiomorpha) from Colombia based on biological collection records and literature

Torres-Toro, Juliana; Grisales, Diana; Wolff, Marta; Torres-Toro, Juliana; Grisales, Diana; Wolff, Marta

doi:10.15446/caldasia.v44n3.91060

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Caldasia

versão impressa ISSN 0366-5232versão On-line ISSN 2357-3759

Caldasia vol.44 no.3 Bogotá set./dez. 2022 Epub 06-Jun-2024

https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v44n3.91060

ZOOLOGÍA

List of the genera of Stratiomyidae (Diptera: Stratiomyiomorpha) from Colombia based on biological collection records and literature

Listado de los géneros de Stratiomyidae (Diptera: Stratiomyiomorpha) de Colombia a partir de registros de colecciones biológicas y literatura

Juliana Torres-Toro¹^*
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2479-7064

Diana Grisales¹²
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7313-6035

Marta Wolff¹
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3389-7083

^¹ Grupo de Entomología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia, julianaerobia@gmail.com; juliana.torres@udea.edu.co / marta.entomologia@gmail.com; martha.wolff@udea.edu.co

^²Naksi, Servicios y Productos Agroecólogicos, Filandia, Quindío, Colombia. ochoa310@gmail.com; naksi.colombia@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The Stratiomyidae fauna of Colombia is not well known, mainly because of very few published studies for the country. Currently, 35 genera are recorded. A review of the literature and the examination of more than 4000 specimens from entomological collections allowed us to record 54 genera of Stratiomyidae in Colombia, adding 19 genera to the previously known. A list of genera currently reported, an image of the wing for most of these genera, and locality data, are included.

Keywords: Biodiversity; lower Brachycera; Neotropical region; new records

RESUMEN

La fauna de Stratiomyidae de Colombia es poco conocida en Colombia debido principalmente a que los estudios sobre su diversidad al interior del país son escasos. Actualmente se registran 35 géneros. La revisión bibliográfica y el estudio de más de 4000 ejemplares en colecciones entomológicas nos permitieron reconocer 54 géneros de Stratiomyidae en Colombia, considerando 19 nuevos registros. Se incluye un listado de los géneros, una imagen alusiva del ala para la mayoría de ellos y datos de localidad.

Palabras clave: Biodiversidad; Brachycera inferiores; región Neotropical; nuevos registros

INTRODUCTION

Stratiomyidae is a diverse and worldwide distributed family of Diptera that comprises twelve subfamilies, 365 described genera, and more than 2850 species (^{Woodley 2001}, 2011, Hauser et al. 2017, ^{Fachin and Hauser 2018}, ^{Lessard et al. 2020}). According to ^{Fachin and Assis-Pujol (2016)} and ^{Fachin and Hauser (2018)}, there are approximately 1000 species in the Neotropical region.

Soldier flies or stratiomyids can be recognized by the presence of a small discal cell concentrated anteriorly and radial veins crowded in the anterior margin of the wing (^{Woodley 2009b}). However morphology of adults highly varies in: i) size ranging from 2.0 to 30.0 mm; ii) shape of the body slender or stout; iii) coloration green, blue, purple, yellow, orange, black and either bright, metallic, or dull; iv) occurrence of veins R₄, R₅, M₃, and the base of M4; v) occurrence of scutellar spines varying both in number from non, one, two or four, to fourteen and also in shape being short or long, pointy or pointless, and vi) size and shape of the antennae compacted or elongated commonly with five, six, seven or eight distinguishable flagel-lomeres. Regarding biology, adults often frequent flowers or the sources for larval food (^{Woodley 2001}). Larvae of subfamilies Antissinae, Beridinae, Chiromyzinae, Chrysochlorininae, Clitellariinae, Hermetiinae, Pachygastrinae, Parhadrestriinae, and Sarginae are known from a variety of terrestrial habitats where they feed, such as detritus, leaf litter, stems, fruits, barks of fallen trees, and bamboo (^{Rozkosny and Kovac 1997}, 1998, ^{Marques and De Xerez 2009}, ^{Woodley 2009a}); while members of Nemotelinae, Raphiocerinae and Stratiomyinae are usually associated with aquatic environments or trunks near to streams (^{Rozkosny and Kovac 2001}, ^{Pujol-Luz et al. 2004}) where they can feed on litter, algae, and microorganisms (^{Kovac and Rozkosny 2004}). So, larvae and adults participate in trophic chains as decomposers, and can be also feeding sources to other animals such as fishes, birds or mammals, and also act as potential pollinators.

Colombia is located in the extreme north-west of South America with a continental surface of 1 141 748 km², it is influenced by the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and has a special topography that grants the presence of heterogeneous ecosystems which allows it to be considered as a megadiverse country according to Convention of Biological Diversity (^{Andrade 2011}).

Studies about the Stratiomyidae diversity in Colombia especially in recent years are scarce, so the fauna of the family is still poorly known. Recently, published works are focused on the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (^{Linnaeus, 1758}) (^{Arango-Gutiérrez et al. 2004}, ^{Arroyave-Sierra et al. 2019}), which has lately developed an important economical alternative for people to overcome the armed conflict in the country (^{Barragán-Fonseca et al. 2020}). This species has become the focus of increasing global interest in organic wastes management, composting, and as a source of protein for animal feeding in farming (^{Marshall et al. 2015}). Other local studies are focused on immatures through limnology inventories and collections of aquatic macroinverte-brates. In most cases, the identification of larvae has been performed to family category (^{Aguilera-Arango et al. 2012}, ^{Tamaris-Turizo et al. 2013}, ^{Granados-Martínez and Batista 2017}, ^{Rojas-Céspedes et al. 2018}, ^{Nuñez and Fragoso-Castilla 2020}) and only in a few studies, to genus level such as: Euparyphus Gerstaecker, 1857 (^{Fernández-Rodriguez et al. 2016}), with one larvae from Antioquia collected and identified by Roldán in 1981; Stratiomys^{Geoffroy, 1762} (^{Chará-Serna et al. 2010}, ^{Cuadrado-Argel et al. 2013}); Odontomyia Meigen, 1803 (^{Chará-Serna et al. 2010}, ^{Longo et al. 2010}, ^{Rojas-Sandino et al. 2018}) and presumable misidentified records of "Allognosta" Osten Sacken, 1883 (^{Chará-Serna et al. 2010}, ^{Fernández-Rodriguez et al. 2016}) that we recommend should be careful examinated for confirmation because larvae of Allognosta is terrestrial and is known to be widely distributed in the Afrotropics, Oriental and Palearctic regions, also in America there are three species restricted to the eastern Nearctic (^{Woodley 2001}) but no reports to Neotropics.

Nearly all published records of Stratiomyidae in Colombia are insufficient, many lack complete locality data, and most of the specimens are housed in foreign institutions with a current representation of only 37,5% of the country departments. The extant records were examined and presented by ^{Fachin & Assis-Pujol within the Catalogue of Diptera of Colombia (Wolff et al. 2016}), containing 87 species in 32 genera, including the addition of recording Microchrysa polita (^{Linnaeus, 1758}) (genus and species) and Merosar-gus gracilis^{Williston, 1888} as a novelty for the country.

The latest contributions to the Colombian stratiomyid fauna were presented by ^{Fachin & Hauser (2018)}, who transferred Himantigera dichroa Schiner, 1868 to Sargus (now Sargus dichrous (Schiner, 1868)) and also recorded three other species: Himantigera amauroptera Fachin & Hauser, 2018; H. silves-tris McFadden, 1982 and H. superba (Lindner, 1949). Finally, ^{Torres-Toro and Wolff (2019)} described the puparium of Cyphomyia albitarsis (^{Fabricius, 1805}) reared under laboratory conditions from Carica papaya (L) stem (Caricaceae).

Figure 1 Wings of some genera of Stratiomyidae in Colombia from material examined. Part I. a. Arcuavena, b. Beridella, c. Heterachanthia, d. Oplachantha, e. Nonacris, f. Abavus, g. Acropeltates, h. Auloceromyia, i. Chordonota, j. Cyphomyia, k. Diaphorostylus, l. Ditylometopa, m. Euryneura, n. Grypomyia, o. Labocerina, p. Leucoptilum, q. Chrysochlorina, r. Chaeto-hermetia, s. Hermetia, t. Brachycara, u. Nemotelus, v. Acanthi-nomyia, w. Artemita, x. Brachyodina. Scale bar: 1 mm.

The 4606 specimens examined in this work are housed in the following Colombian collections: CEUA (Colección Entomológica de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia); IAvH-E (Colección Entomológica del Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá); ICN (Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Cundinamarca); LEUA (Colección Entomológica del Laboratorio de Entomología Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia, Caquetá) MEFLG (Museo Entomológico Francisco Luis Gallego, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia); MEPB (Museo Entomológico Piedras Blancas, Guarne, Antioquia); MPUJ-ENT (Museo Javeriano de Historia Natural, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Entomología, Bogotá, Cundinamarca) and in The United States of America: USNM (Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC). All material came from Biological stations, Flora and Fauna Sanctuaries, National Natural Parks, Natural Reserves, rural and semi-urban areas, representing the 97 % of the Colombian administrative departments, and with a temporary coverage from 1940 to 2018. Most specimens were captured as part of the project "Diversidad de Insectos de Colombia" from (IAvH) Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt and (UAESPNN) Unidad Administrativa Especial del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, and others were collected under universities researches.

The current study aims to display an updated list of the genera of soldier flies known in Colombia so far based on biological collection records and literature, as a broad approach to reveal their fauna, and to eventually stimulate the taxonomical study to a specific level for the country, the style for presentation follows Gutiérrez et al. 2005. The photographs of wings shown herein were taken with Moticam 5.0 system attached to Olympus SZ Stereo microscope.

Figure 2 Wings of some genera of Stratiomyidae in Colombia from material examined. Part II. a. Chalcidomorphina, b. Panacris, c. Caenacantha, d. Neochauna, e. Strobilas-pis, f. Blastocera, g. Dicranophora, h. Pseudohistiodroma, i. Merosargus, j. Microchrysa, k. Ptecticus, l. Acrochaeta cf, m. Himantigera, n. Sargus, o. Myxosargus, p. Promeranisa, q. Hedriodiscus, r. Euparyphus, s. Hoplitimyia. Scale bar: 1 mm.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We acknowledge to the members of Grupo de Entomología de la Universidad de Antioquia (GEUA). To Directors and staff of the scientific collections during examined material phase: John Cesar Neita and Miguel Torres (IAvH); Igor Dimitri Forero and Sol Yepes (MPUJ); Fernando Fernández, Eduardo Flórez and Claudia Rocío Peña Carranza (ICN); Yardany Ramos Pastrana and Maria Fernanda Bermúdez (LEUA), John Alveiro Quiroz (MEFLG); Nortys Jaramillo and Juan David Marín (MEPB). To Smithsonian Museum (USNM) specially Torsten Dikow, John Hash, Andrés Garzón Moreno and Juan Manuel Perilla (intern). We are especially grateful to Diego Aguilar Fachin, Martin Hauser, José Roberto Pujol-Luz and Claus Rasmussen because their communication, comments and significant contributions that conducted to the improvement, display and focus of this work. This study was supported by Comité para el Desarrollo de la Investigación de la Universidad de Antioquia (CODI 2015-7494), under the project entitled: "Stratiomyidae de Colombia" and Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento para la Ciencia la Tecnología y la Innovación Francisco José de Caldas (Convocatoria COLCIENCIAS 712-2015, 745-2016), under the project entitled: "Las moscas de las flores (Diptera, Syrphidae) como bioindicadoras de la calidad del ambiente en los ecosistemas altoandinos del noroccidente de Colombia".

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Citation: Torres-Toro J, Grisales D, Wolff M. 2022. List of the genera of Stratiomyidae (Diptera: Stratiomyiomorpha) from Colombia based on biological collection records and literature. Caldasia 44(3):524-540. doi: https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v44n3.91060

AUTHORS PARTICIPATION MW designed the investigation. JTT revised entomological material and literature, prepared the draft and the illustrations. MW and DG contributed to the writing of the text and made critical revisions. All authors approved the final manuscript.

TAXONOMIC LIST

Below, the list of the 54 genera recorded in our revision, including the department, respectively locality and altitude where they were collected when were available, some relevant taxonomical and distributional references. Finally, an allusive photograph of the wing for most of them are provided. New genera records for the country are in bold, while asterisks (*) represent new distributional data. Abbreviations: AME - Área de Manejo Especial, PNN - Parque Nacional Natural, RI - Resguardo Indígena, RN - Reserva Natural, SFF - Santuario de Flora y Fauna.

Received: October 20, 2020; Accepted: November 08, 2021; Published: February 18, 2022

^*Corresponding author

^{CONFLICT OF INTEREST}

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License