doi: 10.14349/rlp.v45i3.1489

Environmental attitudes and behaviors of college students: a case study conducted at a chilean university

Actitudes y comportamientos ambientales de estudiantes universitarios: estudio de caso de una universidad chilena

Marianne Heyl;
Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.

Emilio Moyano Díaz
Universidad de Talca, Chile.

y Luis Cifuentes
Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.

Correspondence to: Emilio Moyano Díaz. 2 Norte 685, University of Talca, Talca, Chile. E-mail: emoyano@utalca.cl.

Recibido: 14/07/2013 Revisado: 16/09/2013 Aceptado: 01/11/2013.

Abstract

Encouraging the adoption of a pro-environmental behavior is critical in order to reduce the environmental impacts and to move toward a more sustainable future. Higher education plays an important role in training professionals who have an important role in protecting the environment in the future. The aim of this study is to identify whether there are significant differences between college students depending on their diploma of specialization, related to the environment or not, the year in which they are studying and gender. The sample consisted of 383 engineering students in first, third and sixth year, with two instruments designed to measure environmental attitudes and behaviors. Significant differences were found between students pursuing diplomas related to the environment and those who are not. Otherwise, no significant differences were observed between students enrolled in different levels. Perceived effort, positive environmental attitude or perceived positive consequents predict the frequency of pro-environmental behaviors in students, the former (perceived effort, negative) being the most influential variable.

Key words: environmental attitudes, environmental behavior, environmental education, college students.

Resumen

Alentar la adopción de comportamientos pro-ambientales es crítico para reducir impactos ambientales y encaminarse hacia un futuro sustentable. La educación superior es relevante para la formación de profesionales que jugarán un rol central en la protección del ambiente. El propósito del presente estudio es identificar si hay diferencias en comportamientos pro-ambientales entre los estudiantes universitarios dependiendo de su diploma de especialización (si ambiental o no), nivel de estudios y género. La muestra incluye a 383 estudiantes de ingeniería que cursan 1, 3 y 6 años, quienes respondieron instrumentos para medir actitudes y comportamientos pro-ambientales. Se observan diferencias significativas entre quienes cursan diplomas de especialización de tipo ambiental respecto de los otros. No hay diferencias según el año o nivel de estudios. El esfuerzo percibido para la realización de comportamientos pro-ambientales, las actitudes pro-ambientales positivas y la percepción de consecuencias positivas por la realización de aquellos, predicen la realización de comportamientos pro-ambientales, donde el esfuerzo percibido es la variable de mayor influencia.

Palabras clave: actitudes ambientales, comportamiento pro-ambiental, educación ambiental, estudiantes universitarios.

Climate change, pollution and depletion of natural resources are some of the most serious environmental problems humanity is currently facing. Experts have demonstrated that our current lifestyle, based on excessive consumption, suggests that we have approached the carrying capacity limit of the Earth (Lenzen, 2001; Walther, Berger & Sykes, 2005). UNESCO calls for "protecting the planet in order to pass on a sustainable heritage to future generations" (2005, p.2) and mentions many ways to help achieve sustainable development, such as research, technology, financing, production and sustainable consumption.

Amongst these possibilities, education plays a fundamental role, since the concept of education is based implicitly in the idea that systems of beliefs people have about the environment are the roots of the environmental problems (Moyano, Cornejo & Gallardo, 2011). Thiengkamol and Thiengkamol (2012) mentioned that environmental behavior can be influenced by environmental education, and that environmental education allows for setting a positive attitude, taking responsibility and participating in the protection and conservation of the environment. Additionally, it has been found that environmental education added to environmental regulations determines the interactions between the society and natural resources (Sandoval, 2012).

Cerda, García, Díaz, Núnez and Rojas (2007) note that solutions to environmental problems must be sought not only in technology but also in the ways of perceiving the environment; this in turn translates into a behavioral change. It has been argued that it is necessary to change existing behavioral patterns to achieve a more sustainable future (Rogerson, Bellingham & Shevtsova, 2009; Steg & Vlek, 2009) and that behavior analysis can play an important role in solving environmental problems (Lehman & Geller, 2004). Therefore, environmental education is essential if we want to develop a positive attitude towards the environment and pro-environmental behaviors. In this context, Higher Education plays a fundamental role as it ultimately aims to educate and train professionals who can play an active role in protecting the environment (UNESCO, 2009). These are professionals who will develop their skills in the future, guiding and working to influence various institutions.

Viebahn (2002) mentioned that universities make an important contribution to the development of the society. For this reason, they have an especial responsibility in promoting and creating social and environmental awareness. In the last years, sustainability, including conservation and protection of the environment, has become an important issue in universities, promoting efficiency in their operations and environmental awareness through formal and informal education. A good example of this is that the most widely renowned international universities have sustainability programs or centers for sustainability - the likes of Cambridge, Harvard, MIT, and so on. Currently, universities are writing sustainability reports so as to illustrate how they are improving in this area, although reporting is still at an early stage amongst these institutions (Lozano, 2011). In this research, environmental attitude is understood as an acquired predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to the environment, and for pro-environmental behavior are understand the "actions which contribute towards environmental preservation and conservation" (Kaiser, Wölfing, & Fuhrer, 1999, p.1).

Unfortunately, studies have found that although many university students show an interest in global problems - like climate change - and positive environmental attitude, they do not have any pro-environmental behaviors in their normal activities (Cerda et al., 2007; Müderrisoglu & Altanlar, 2011; Rivera-Jacinto & Rodríguez-Ulloa, 2009), and that relations between environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors are not always linear (Alea García, 2006).

It is known that pro-environmental behaviors are influenced by various internal and external factors (Bamberg & Moser, 2007; Corral-Verdugo, 2001; Kollmuss & Agyeman, 2002; Scott & Willits, 1994) and one of the most studied is environmental attitude as it is considered a strong predictor of pro-environmental behavior (Corral, Fraijo, & Tapia, 2004; Kaiser et al., 1999; Makki, Abd el Khalick & Boujaoude, 2003; Moyano Díaz et al., 2011). External factors include, for instance, aspects related to economic, social and/or institutional circumstances. Although an environmental attitude is recognized as a strong predictor of pro-environmental behaviors, a gap between environmental attitude and pro-environmental behavior is demonstrated. Research has attempted to understand this attitude-action gap and which factors influence directly pro-environmental behaviors (Kollmuss & Agyeman, 2002; Rodríguez-Barreiro et al., 2012) and some research reveals that perceived effort is an important factor to be born in mind, as people choose to have pro-environmental behaviors that they perceived demand minimum effort, although they have positive environmental attitudes (Kollmuss & Ageyman, 2002).

Other factors indirectly influencing pro-environmental behaviors through environmental attitudes are knowledge of the environment (formal education), and gender. Research has shown that students who have studied courses specializing in the environment maintain more pro-environmental attitudes than other students (Meinhold & Malkus 2005). It was also found that demographic factors such as gender and years of education may have some influence on one's attitude and pro-environmental behaviors (Fernández Rodríguez, & Carrasquier, 2007; Tuncer, Ertepinar, Tekkaya, & Sungur, 2005, Uitto, Juuti, Lavonen, Byman, & Meisalo, 2011). It is understood that older students possess more positive attitudes and proenvironmental behavior in their final stages of their course compared to students in the earlier years (Fernández et al., 2007; Kollmuss & Ageyman, 2002; Scott & Willits, 1994; Zarrintaj, Sharifah, & Binti Abdul, 2011).

There is in Chile a limited number of studies concerning environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors of university students of Agronomy, Commercial Engineering, Public Accounting and Auditing, Forestry Engineering, Law and Architecture. One particular study for this case is the research conducted by Cerda et al. (2007), which highlights the existence of an important gap between attitude and action; students have positive environmental attitudes yet very few of them actually adopt positive environmental actions. It was also found that there are no significant differences in environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors between gender or area of study. In particular, no literature was found which solely referred to engineering students in Chile.

The aim of this research is to study the influences of gender and course level (older and younger students) in university engineering students on environment attitude and pro-environmental behaviors. Likewise this paper seeks to explore the difference between students attending diploma courses related to the environment and the rest¹ in these two variables. This research ultimately aims to determine which of these three factors: attitude, perceived effort and perceived consequences, influence significantly pro-environmental behaviors in students.

Method

Population and sample

This study comprised of 3,231 students in the Faculty of Engineering of a Chilean university. Duration of the engineering degree is six years in a half-year regimen.

For convenience, first, third and sixth year students were asked to take part in the research, so as to make sure the participation of the students. Surveys were sent, via mail, to all students at each of the three selected levels (approximately 1,500 students), yielding a response rate of 25.5%.

The final sample consisted of 383 students, 140 first year, 118 third year and 125 sixth year, of ages ranged between 17 and 26 years (M = 20.6, SD = 2.21, Mo = 18 years). Table 1 shows the distribution of the final sample for the different demographic variables of interest.

Instruments

Two instruments are used: one to assess environmental attitudes and one to assess pro-environmental behavior.

Environmental attitudes scale. 19 items, of which 3 are original (developed for this research) and the rest (16 items) were adapted from scales used in prior research with university and secondary school students: Scale of pro-environmental attitudes (Castanedo,1995); Scale of Attitude Toward Waste (Fernández, Hueto, Rodríguez & Marcén, 2003), Scale of Environmental Attitudes Towards Specific Problems (Moreno, Corraliza & Ruiz, 2005); Scale of Environmental Attitudes (Berenguer, 1998), Scale of Environmental Attitudes (Vega, 2011); Scale of Attitude About The Consumption of Energy -Raviolo, Syracusa & Herbel (2000)-; Scale of Pro-environmental Behaviors (Martimportugués, Canto, García & Hidalgo, 2002). Environmental attitudes were rated on a 1 to 6 Likert scale, ranging from (1) "Strongly Disagree" to (6) "Strongly Agree". The items were grouped into six main categories: recycling, energy consumption (save and efficient use of energy), water consumption (save and efficient use of water), transportation (use of public transport or bicycle), responsible consumption of products (use of recycled paper, purchasing organic food or responsible products), and participation in environmental actions. See Appendix A for more detail as to the items.

Pro-environmental behavior scale. 14 items obtained or inspired from research conducted by Moyano et al. (2007), Pato, Ros and Tamayo (2005) and Vozmediano and Guillén (2005) (See Appendix B). Four of these items are original (developed for this research), related to proenvironmental behaviors, which refer to the same categories on the attitude scale. Each item was assigned a frequency of the behavior (from 1 "never" to 6 "always"), the level of effort that the subject perceive (from 1 "least effort or minimal discomfort" to 6 "maximum effort and maximum discomfort"), and finally asks about the positive impact that the subject believes implementation of these behaviors has on the environment, and the positive consequences that the subject perceives (from 1"no positive effect" to 6 "maximum positive effect").

Procedure

This stage of the research project consists of three stages: the first included piloting the instruments developed for the research and the psychometric properties of each scale. The second stage involved the collection of information needed for the research, and the final stage incorporated an analysis of the information obtained from the applied questionnaires. Hence, the first stage was to pilot the two instruments used in research, with the aim of ensuring its psychometric properties in the final sample. The pilot was conducted with a sample of 60 students from different years of the same career, applied on-line and in person, in order to see whether there were any real differences with the forms of implementing the test.

The results showed no significant difference between groups for the attitude scale (t[58] = 1.11, p = 0.27) or the rest of the instruments; therefore it was concluded that the method of administration is not relevant, as both can be used in order to gather information. Social desirability is also studied in the piloting (abbreviated Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale). No significant correlations were found between this scale and the environmental attitudes and behavior scales; thus it was decided to eliminate said scale from the questionnaire in the final sample.

As for the Environmental Attitudes Scale, reliability (Cronbach's alpha) obtained in the pilot study was α = .88. It was consequently decided to apply it without modifications in the final sample (n = 383), and a reliability of α = .83 was obtained. With regard to the Pro-environmental Behaviors Scale, results in the pilot study were as follows for each sub-scale: Frequency, α = .80; Effort Grade, α = .83; Consequences, α = .95. The reliability index obtained in the final sample (n = 383) is: Frequency, α = .73; Effort Grade, α = .80; Positive impact on the environment, α = .93. Additionally, an exploratory factorial analysis was conducted for each scale (Appendix C).

Electronic or online means were used to send the questionnaire in the final sample. This was facilitated through the Undergraduate Division. Students were offered an incentive to participate and this was seen as an ideal way to increase response rates. The survey was also administered in person to some students in third (n = 13) and sixth (n = 20) year attending diploma courses which dealt with the environment to ensure the response of students from these diplomas.

Data analysis

Data was analyzed in STATA11^®. Descriptive analysis of the sample was carried out in accordance with each variable considered in the research project.

Differences between items or categories amongst students of different diploma courses and years of degree were compared using the Wilcoxon or Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric test), as the sample was not normally distributed in this cases. This analysis was conducted by taking an average for all of the items corresponding to each area, for each student.

A t-test for independent samples was used in order to determine the differences in variables (scales) of environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors between students of different diplomas, considering that data is normally distributed and estimating the effective size of the minimal differences categorized. In terms of the difference between students in different years of study, a variance test (ANOVA univariate) was carried out taking into account the fact that data is normally distributed and that three groups are considered (three different levels in the career).

A hierarchical regression analysis (stepwise) was applied so as to determine which variables predict the frequency of pro-environmental behaviors.

Results

Environmental attitudes

Table 2 illustrates the average in categories for the attitude scales and differences with respect to the overall mean by types of diplomas and year of degree. For items, 2-"Separation of Waste by type", 4-"Lights out", 8-"Efficient use of water-and 9-"Taps left open unnecessarily", over 80% of the answers are found between the maximums scores of the scale (5 and 6 points). The total average of the environmental attitudes is 4.5 points out of 6, showing a relatively high average, and is within the range of holding positive attitudes concerning the environment. It has been noted that the means the recycling, energy and water consumption categories are greater than the average.

There was no significant difference between the grouped items in relation to recycling and energy consumption (z = -0274, p = .784). The same results are found for recycling and water consumption (z = 1670, p = .095). Significant differences were found, however, between the means of recycling and the following areas: transport, responsible consumption and participation (p < .01). The same applies with energy consumption and the following areas: transport, responsible consumption and participation (p < .01), and with water consumption (z = -2.11, p = .035). There are no significant differences among the areas of transportation, participation and responsible consumption. These results show that the areas of recycling, energy and water consumption are significantly higher than those of responsible consumption, participation and transportation.

Average environmental attitudes are higher for all categories and items in students taking "environmental" diplomas (except in the item "lights off"). The average environmental attitudes of students taking "environmental" diplomas versus those who did not (mean difference 0.28) was significantly different (t[381] = 3.1, p = .019), with an effect size (Cohen's d) of 0.42. This was the same case for the third year students of different diplomas (t[116]=2.48, p = .015) with an effect of 0.65, and those in their sixth year (t[123] = 2.09, p = .0388) with an effect size of .40. No significant differences were found among students attending "environmental" diplomas or other diplomas with regard to their year of study (F[1.65]=1.19, p = .28, F[2.313] = 0.05, p = .95).

The ANOVA test revealed no significant differences with regard to environmental attitudes (F[2.381] = 0.45, p = .64). This suggests that the level of proenvironmentalism does not vary between students in different years. Even so, environmental attitudes regarding the areas of recycling, responsible consumption and participation have a slightly positive trend as students progress through the engineering course. However, this is not the same with regard to energy - which is slightly negative - and transportation - which has a much more notable negative trend - especially in the item referring to the use of the car. In general, environmental attitudes follow a slightly positive trend as the career progresses.

Pro-environmental behaviors

Table 3 illustrates the average in categories for the proenvironmental behaviors scale and differences with respect to the overall mean by types of diploma courses. Table 4 illustrates the average in categories for the proenvironmental behaviors scale and differences with respect to the overall mean by year of study. The average frequency sub-scale is 3.76, which shows a slightly positive average, and is within the range of environmentally positive behaviors (albeit it is very low). Similar to the attitude scale, the means for categories of energy consumption and water consumption exceed the mean. The most common behaviors are "closing the taps" and "lights out". While the least common ones are "participation in activities" and "recycled paper".

As for the 'effort' sub-scale the mean is 2.62, which indicates that students are not considered to be putting much effort into exercising this type of behavior. It is noted that means in categories of energy and water consumption are lower than the rest.

The mean in the 'consequences' sub-scale is 4.13, which suggests that students perceive most pro-environmental behaviors as being beneficial to the environment. Once again, means in the categories of recycling and water consumption are greater than the rest.

For students taking an "environmental" diploma course, the frequency subscale reveals significant differences between students taking a "environmental" diploma as opposed to those who did not (mean difference 0.16, t[381] = 1.66, p = .049 one-tailed test), with an effect size (Cohen's d) of .24. There is also a significant difference for students attending sixth year and diplomas which focus on the environment (t[123] = 2.32, p = .022), with an effect size of .41. This cannot be said for those in their third year. It is also observed that averages of students participating in diplomas with special focus given to the environment are greater than those of students in other degrees, in the areas of recycling, water consumption, responsible consumption and participation. Such significant differences includerecycling(z=2.26, p=.024),responsibleconsumption (z = 2.84, p = .0046), and participation (z = 2.18, p = .029). There was not a significant difference between students of different diplomas in the 'effort' sub-scale (t[381] = -0.4, p = .69). However, the most significant concern referring to 'recycling' showed that students specializing in an environmental diploma are perceived to make less of an effort with regards to adopting recycling practices. The only significant difference occurs with "Recycling paper, glass or cans" (z = -2.11, p = .035) where the average of students studying other diplomas is higher than those specializing in diplomas that deal more so with the environment. Finally, differences in the 'consequences' subscale were not significant difference (t[381]= 0.87, p = .384).

The ANOVA test conducted for the three sub-scales; frequency (F[2.380] = .02, p = .98), effort (F[2.380] = .42, p = .09) and consequences (F[2.380] = .04, p = .96), reveal no significant difference between each year of degree. Even so, in terms of the 'frequency' sub-scale, the frequency of environmental behaviors related to recycling, energy consumption, water consumption and participation have a tendency to be slightly more positive as the career progresses, unlike transportation which has a much greater negative tendency.

In the 'effort' sub-scale, no significant differences are identified between the categories, and it could highlight the differences of two behaviors: "Using public transport" (chi2[2] = 7.39, p = .025), and "buying organic products" (chi2[2] =7.34, p = .026). In both cases, students in later years of the career perceived themselves as making a greater effort than those in first year.

The 'consequences' sub-scale shows that no distinguished variations are found during the years of study, but the biggest differences are apparent when considering the level of participation.

Differences by gender

Significant differences were found for the environmental attitudes variable with regards to gender, but only among students in their first year. More pro-environmentalism was observed in females than in males (t[138] = -2.06, p = .04) with an effect size of .43. No significant differences were found for males with regards to the year of study (F[2,290] = 1.15, p = .32), although it is noted that environmental attitudes have a positive increase tendency in the first year with a mean of 4.45, a mean of 4.55 in third year and a mean of 4.58 in sixth year. No significant differences regarding career year were found amongst females (F[2,87] = 0.51, p = .60), but it has been observed that attitudes with regards the environment decline as they progress through their studies. They begin with an average of 4.73, drop to an average of 4.62 in third year and again slightly to 4.58 in sixth year.

Influential variables in the frequency of the pro-environmental behavior

A regression analysis was conducted with frequency of proenvironmental behavior as the dependent variable, and the environmental attitude, effort and perceived consequences as independent variables. These independent variables were chosen as they are potential influential variables of pro-environmental behaviors.

In the model, the regression coefficient obtained was 40%. All three variables were found to predict the frequency, effort (b = -0.51, p = .000), environmental attitude (b = 0.40, p = .000) and consequences (b = 0.18, p = .000). As the effort perceived by the person decreases, both environmental attitude and the perceived consequence increase, as is the case of frequency of the behavior.

The same procedure was performed for each category. It was found that all three variables significantly predict the frequency (p < .01), for five of the six categories: recycling (regression coefficient of 30%), energy (regression coefficient of 29%), water (regression coefficient of 25%), responsible consumption (regression coefficient of 29%) and participation (regression coefficient of 41%). For transport, the regression coefficient obtained was 46%, and only two variables were found to significantly predict the frequency (p < .01). Results by categories are shown in table 5.

Discussion

This research suggests that university undergraduate engineering students on average have positive environmental attitudes, as has been shown in other studies with third level students (Aydin & Çepni, 2010; Cerda et al., 2007; Müderrisoglu & Altanlar, 2011). Benefits are rightly understood to affect the environment positively and pro-environmental behaviors are present on a behavioral level, albeit not very often.

For the full sample of students, recycling, water and energy consumption are those with higher average scores on environmental attitudes. Likewise, the aforementioned behaviors are most frequently observed in relation to water and energy consumption, while the least observed ones are those related to responsible consumption and participation. This is also consistent with findings in other studies (Pruneau et al., 2006, Rivera-Jacinto & Rodriguez - Ulloa, 2009; González Lomeli, Frías Armenta & Corral Verdugo 2003).

Therefore, actions such as switching off the lights and turning off the taps are more frequent in this research, and the least frequent ones are those related to purchasing recycled products or those of little harm to the environment. Actions that are carried out less frequently are in many cases those that perceived to require more effort, such as cycling, buying organic products and participating in activities related to the environment. These findings are consistent with data collected in other research (Kaiser, 1998; Kaiser et al., 1999). Furthermore, the actions that are most frequently carried out are perceived to have positive consequences for the environment, with the exception of recycling and the use of recycled paper due to shortage of this product in Chile, which is also more expensive than plain paper as well as organic products. Students attending diploma courses related with the environment have more positive attitudes than those undergoing other diplomas, especially on issues related to recycling and participation. The energy category is different where the average is slightly lower. Students taking diplomas with a focus on the environment were more frequently deemed to be more pro-environmental in most categories, except those related to energy consumption and transportation. This difference concerning energy (behavior) could be due to the fact that there are diploma courses which address topics on energy (renewable energy and sustainable energy); these are not considered to be connected to the "environment" in this research but could influence pro-environmental behavior in other diplomas and study areas which are not related to the environment. With regard to the differences found in transport, use of the bicycle by those attending diploma courses was minimal related to the environment because they also perceive fewer benefits associated to this behavior as do students from other diplomas.

This improved attitude and pro-environmental behavior amongst students following diploma courses related more to the environment ties in closely with the work of Meinhold and Malkus (2005). However, it is yet to be determined whether there is a causal relationship between environmental courses and better environmental attitude and behavior as a consequence, as there may be an "environmental" predisposition or students may hold interests concerning the environment prior to their study, which has subsequently led them to study diplomas related to the environment.

With regard to the level or year of the career, there are no significant differences in environmental attitudes and behavior. Such results are similar to the research conducted by Cerda et al, (2007) and Makki et al, (2003). Therefore, this result suggests that the civil engineering curriculum appears to not be generating any significant impact with regards the attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors of students, as previously expected. Studying for longer within the current curriculum format has no effect on the attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors amongst engineering students. Hence, if engineering professionals from this university are to be recognized and known for excellence in the environmental field, environmental education should be integrated across the entire curriculum. It is worth mentioning that the positive trend related to recycling during the years of the course may be due to the recycling program in place both at the university and in the School of Engineering.

Differences discovered in gender in this study vary from previous research (Tuncer et al., 2005). Here, the only existing differences are in the environmental attitudes among first year students, where women have more positive environmental attitudes than men, but this difference disappears as they progress in the career.

In conclusion, students have positive environmental attitudes, but not reflected in a corresponding or proportional frequency of conducting environmental behavior, especially the categories which relate to responsible consumption and participation. Upon conducting regression analysis, it is noted that the three variables - effort, attitude and consequences - predict the frequency of pro-environmental behaviors. The model shows that the most influential variable is the effort perceived (negative), then the environmental attitude (positive) and finally the consequences (positive). In analyzing each of the areas, the model was found to be similar to recycling and energy, where the effort is identified as the factor with the greatest influence. This is not the case with regard to responsible consumption and participation, where environmental attitude is often a better predictor of the effort or the consequences. As for transportation, the model does not consider the variable consequences to be significant, and shows that the effort required is the most influential variable in the frequency of action, which is consistent with the local reality, where the consequences of using of the car are well recognized but still people prefer to use the car than public transportation.

It has also been noted in some cases that, despite the fact that students have positive environmental attitudes, their actions or behaviors do not relate to the same frequency. This can be drawn from the fact that pro-environmental behavior is also affected by other factors not considered in this research. Said factors include social norms and moral obligations as proposed by Fishbein and Ajzen (Rivera-Jacinto & Rodriguez-Ulloa, 2009). Additionally, contextual or external factors, such as having adequate infrastructure, technical or logistical facilities (essential in recycling) and availability of products in the country - as is the case with organic products, or products which cause less damage to the environment (Steg &Vlek, 2009).

In this study we have only identified some factors related mostly to the demographics factor, environmental knowledge, environmental attitude and perceived effort and consequences. For further research, it is also important to study the influence of other factors like social norms, the role models and mentors and the everyday life experiences - positive experiences or observation of destruction of valued places in fostering pro-environmental attitudes (Chawla & Flanders, 2007). All of these fields of research can provide valuable information in order to develop better and more effective programs to foster pro-environmental behaviors in students.

Pie de página

¹ The civil engineering programme at a Chilean university enables its students to specialize in different areas (4 semesters, 180

credits), incorporating some courses which can be grouped as "environmental", as they are more related to the environment. These courses deal with current issues surrounding this subject (bioremediation, renewable energy, bio energy, etc.), and they are called: environmental, hydraulic, bioprocess, chemical, and biotechnology diploma courses. These careers have a 6 - semester common plan.

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Appendix

C. Exploratory factorial analysis for Pro-environmental behaviour scale.

One principal component analysis (eigenvalues greater than 1 and loading factor ≥ 0.3) revealed four main factors, that can be denominated participation and information (items 1, 3, 5, 17, 18, 19) responsible consumption of resources (ítems 2, 4, 7, 8, 9), transportation (ítems 10, 11 and 12) and responsabile consumpion of products (ítems 13, 14, 15, 16).

And for the pro-environmental behaviour scale the analysis reveal three main factor for the sub-scale of frecuency and effort; participation, recycling and responsible consumption, (items C1, C2, C9, C10, C11 y C14); water and energy use (C3, C4, C5 y C6), and transportation (C7 y C8).