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1. In 2019, the Pan-American Federation of Medical Schools (Fepafem, in Spanish), signed a declaration stating that education institutions must promote dynamic, top-quality, competency-based training processes. The name of that declaration is1:
2. The so-called anesthesia awareness (AA) is a complication associated with different postoperative manifestations including sleep disorders, depressive episodes and fear of hospital settings. Which of the following statements regarding AA is false?2
Incidence varies significantly between 1:600 and 1:17,000 patients.
It may give rise to states of post-traumatic stress.
The use of BIS to monitor the depth of anesthesia reduces the incidence of AA by 95%.
Auditory evoked potentials have been used to determine the level of patient unconsciousness.
3. Targeted temperature management is a neuroprotective strategy used in the management of patients in cardiorespiratory arrest. The current recommendation is to maintain body temperature between3:
4. In their meta-analysis, "Mortality in patients with civilian trauma and massive transfusion treated with a high plasma-to-red blood cells ratio vs. a low ratio" ("Mortalidad en pacientes con trauma civil y transfusión masiva tratados con una relación alta de plasma: glóbulos rojos versus una relación baja"), Oliveros Rodríguez et al. found that 4:
The use of a high FFP:RBC ratio in patients with civilian trauma and massive transfusion has a protective effect on early and late mortality as shown in observational studies (OS) but not so in clinical trials (CT).
The use of a high FFP:RBC ratio in patients with civilian trauma and massive transfusion does not have a protective effect on early mortality, but it does on late mortality, as shown in both OS as well as CTs.
The use of a high FFP:RBC ratio in patients with civilian trauma and massive transfusion does not have a protective effect on early or late mortality as shown in OS and CTs.
The use of a high FFP:RBC ratio in patients with civilian trauma and massive transfusion has a protective effect on early and late mortality as shown both in OS as well as in CTs.
5. Which of the following airborne viral species is generally the most lethal?5
6. The term technical skills refers to performance of actions from the point of view of medical knowledge as well as from a technical perspective. They are based on body and mind control and are divided into open and closed. Which of the following technical skills is considered open?6
7. Which of the following biomarkers is not recognized as a useful prognostic factor in patients with head injury?7
S-1oob protein.
Ubiquitin C-terminal hidrolase-L1.
Glial fibrillary acid protein.
Brain natriuretic peptide.
8. Classic mitotic dystrophy is a multisystem disorder resulting from RNA toxicity and is one of the most common muscle dystrophies in adults. Which is the most frequently observed electrocardiographic abnormality in these patients?8
First-degree AV block.
Second-degree Mobitz type I AV block.
Second-degree Mobitz type II AV block.
Third-degree AV block.
9. Erector spinae plane (ESP) block is a safe interfascial block. Regarding this block, which of the following statements is true?9
This block provides only somatic analgesia.
Only provides visceral analgesia.
May be an effective approach for intra- and postoperative analgesia in high risk patients taken to laparoscopic liver resection.
It is contraindicated in patients with cardioverter-defibrillator.
10. Bupivacaine-induced myotoxicity is, fortunately, a rare complication. However, studies have described it both in human as well as in experimental animal cells. Disease severity risk factors include prior mitochondrial metabolism anomalies with compromised energy production, for example, in patients with 10:
