Introduction

Chronic meningitis is a persistent meningeal irritation and inflammation of more than four weeks associated with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Due to the diverse etiologies, a systematic diagnostic approach is required based on a thorough anamnesis, rigorous clinical examination, patient's immune status assessment, epidemiological data, etc. Among the autoimmune causes, Sjögren's syndrome is a rare etiology.¹ Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS) is a low-prevalent chronic autoimmune disease (61/100 000 people with a female: male ratio 9:1). Lymphocytic infiltration in the exocrine glands, manifesting xerostomia and dry keratoconjunctivitis are distinctive features.² Extraglandular manifestations can occur in one third of patients with pSS. Between 8.5% and 67% of patients with Sjögren's syndrome develop central nervous system involvement with meningeal injury being 20%.³ Sjogren's sydrome could affect the peripheral as well as the central nervous system. The most frequent peripheral nervous system manifestations are sensory neuronopathy, small fiber polyneuropathy and autonomic neuropathy. On the other hand the most frequent SNC manifestations are cognitive, neuropsychiatric and multifocal (mutiple sclerosis like).^4,5

In particular, diffuse non-focal neurological signs and symptoms are considered more prevalent.⁵ The majority of reported cases describe acute, subacute or recurrent symptoms, providing limited information about the clinic and follow-up of chronic conditions. In addition, there are few cases of hypertrophic pachymeningitis associated with pSS. Here, we report the case of a male patient with chronic meningitis as the main manifestation of pSS.

Case report

A 68-year-old, right-handed male from Callao-Peru, presented to consultation complaining bilateral oppressive headache, nausea, dizziness, retroocular pain associated with mild conjunctival erythema and low-grade fever. Symptoms developed insidiously five months before, triggered bilateral hearing loss, left hemiparesthesia, increased intensity of headache, and a seizure with brief loss of consciousness. The patient's vital signs as well as his neurological assessment were unremarkable. Physical examination revealed bilateral hearing loss, skin peeling with plaques of the nasal and bilateral retro-auricular area. Normal examination of cardiac, respiratory and digestive system. However, due to the history of persistent headache and sudden sensorineural hearing loss, it was decided to hospitalize him to expand studies.

The patient's peripheral white blood cell count was 9650 cells mm³ (72.2% neutrophils, 15.9% lymphocytes, 7.5% eosinophils), and his erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 102 mm/h. Serum tests such as glucose, urea, creatinine, thyroxine, TSH, PSA, folic acid, transferrin, B12 vitamin were normal. Infectious diseases panel causing chronic meningitis was requested giving negative results (HIV, HTLV-1, C hepatitis, syphilis). CSF uiexhibited a mild lymphocytosis and slight increase in protein levels without glucose level disturbances (Table 1).

Chest X-ray was normal. MR scan of brain showed multiple subcortical frontal and parietal T1-hypointense, FLAIR-hyperintense. In the Contrast-enhanced MRI, the meninges were with a diffuse thickening involving the tentorium and posterior fossa (Fig. 1C).

Fig. 1 Axial T1 MRI scan of brain shows diffuse pachymeningeal involvement (A). Axial, (B) and coronal (C). 

During hospitalization, the patient presented a xerostomia, so the immunological profile was evaluated, which oriented us to Sjögren's syndrome (Table 2). A salivary gland biopsy showed atrophy, fibrosis and periductal lymphocytic foci compatible with lymphocytic sialadenitis. Ophthalmological assessment revealed right eye pseudophakia, scleral inflammation, slight increase in intraocular pressure (23/19 mmHg), as well as a pathological Schirmer test (<5 mm/5 min). Furthermore, auditory evoked potentials confirmed dysfunction bilateral sensorineural hearing pathway. Neuropsychological report showed diffuse alteration fronto-temporal prevalence and multi-domain cognitive impairment in moderate to severe degree.

A leptomeninges and dura mater biopsy showed a minimal chronic inflammatory infiltrate, dense fibro-connective tissue with lymphoid follicles foci and some vessels with reparative fibrosis no granulomas.

Treatment was started with methylprednisolone (1 g/day for five days), followed by maintenance therapy with prednisone 20 mg/day. Headache, nausea, dizziness, and retroocular pain improved quickly after treatment. CSF cellularity and proteins return to normal levels with acute immunotherapy. Seizures were controlled with valproic acid and no new episodes of seizures have been reported during last three years of follow-up.

Discussion

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder that affects the exocrine organs characterized by focal lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of these glands. The manifestations in the CNS are nonspecific such as dizziness, hemiparesis, seizure episode with loss of consciousness, persistent headache, etc. as well as alterations of the SNP retro-ocular pain, sub-febrile episodes, constitutional symptoms, sudden alterations of the cranial nerves, etc. Due to lymphocytic infiltration in the meninges and dorsal root ganglia without any vasculitic process.^6,7 There are other processes, with the same target and similar symptoms, such as rheumatology (giant cell arteritis, neurosarcoidosis,⁸ Behcet,⁹ and exceptionally association of hypertrophic pachy-meningitis with IGg4¹⁰); oncological¹¹ (dural carcinomatosis, lymphoma); and CNS infections¹² (tuberculosis, syphilis, and fungi). Therefore, keep them in mind to raise issues during patient examination.

After a careful study, multiple glandular involvement, brain MRI findings, and CSF features revealed a chronic meningitis a manifestation of an underlying autoimmune disease. Five of the six criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group¹³ were met for the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome: oral signs and symptoms; positivity of the Schirmer test; histopathological findings of the salivary glands; and, anti-SS-A and SS-B positive auto-antibodies. There was no suspicion of another autoimmune disease, so it was classified as Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS).

Furthermore, both ANA and ANCA were positive. ANA may be present in 64% of patients with pSS.¹⁴ Despite the presence of ANCA-p, no granulomas were evident on biopsy of the leptomeninge, dura, or salivary gland. However, in view of the possibility of latent vasculitis, controls were carried out to especially evaluate renal function every six months.

CNS involvement in pSS is variable, with frequencies ranging from 8.5 to 67%. Disparity in diagnostic criteria for neurological damage and lack of agreement on white matter injuries are responsible of this wide range.³ Few cases regarding chronic meningeal involvement secondary to pSS as well as clinical manifestations have been reported. Gerraty RP et al. reported a fatal case of chronic aseptic meningitis of two years of evolution concordant with our clinical findings.¹⁵ Contrary to the cases reported by Kazuyuki Ishida et al.¹⁶ and Rosario Ross et al.¹⁷ about aseptic meningitis and pSS, our patient had a less florid symptomatology. This is the first case with a neuropsychological examination; however, multiple factors may have been involved in moderate cognitive decline such as comorbidities. MRI shows "Eifel Tower sign" (Fig. 1).¹⁸ Sjögren's syndrome is a rare cause of SPH. Yonekawa et al. reported only two cases of pSS in 159 Japanese patients with SPH, no detailed description of the symptoms, diagnosis and evolution.¹⁹

A clinical score proposed by Gopal et al.¹⁸ evaluated the improvement of clinical symptoms. In a score of over 12 points, he observed a decrease in the score from six to two points after rescue immunotherapy. However, during the three-year follow-up, bilateral hearing loss and cognitive impairment remained stable, affecting the patient's quality of life. Although the inflammatory process in the dura is stopped with immunomodulatory therapy, fibrosis is barely recoverable, which explains the persistence of neurological injury. Furthermore, in a compilation of three case series,¹⁸ the most frequently symptom described was headache like in our case.

In our hospital we have several medical specialties, this allows us to focus on rare diseases from different points of view, therefore, we encourage multidisciplinary management; On the other hand, the main limitation of this case is the lack of IGg4, despite the fact that simultaneous IgG4 with ANCA is rare.²⁰

In conclusion, this rare case of chronic meningitis associated with hypertrophic pachymeningitis represents an example of central nervous system involvement in pSS. Nonspecific neurological manifestations such as headache, fever, or neuropsychiatric symptoms as possible manifestations of this syndrome even in elderly patients should be considered.

Key points

Contributorship

JVC, AHR, RM and AT: manuscript preparation and review. CAD, KPB, RRS, NM: manuscript review.

Patient consent for publication

The patient gave his informed consent before publication.

Ethics approval

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee at Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión.

Data sharing statement

Requests for additional details regarding the case may be made by contacting RM (roberto.molina.ndg@gmail.com).