2021 clinical practice guideline for the early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Colombian Association of Rheumatology

Bautista-Molano, Wilson; Saldarriaga-Rivera, Lina M.; Junca-Ramírez, Alejandro; Fernández-Aldana, Andrés R.; Fernández-Ávila, Daniel G.; Jaimes, Diego A.; Jauregui, Edwin A.; Segura-Charry, Juan S.; Romero-Sanchez, Consuelo; Felipe-Diaz, Oscar J.; Bautista-Molano, Wilson; Saldarriaga-Rivera, Lina M.; Junca-Ramírez, Alejandro; Fernández-Aldana, Andrés R.; Fernández-Ávila, Daniel G.; Jaimes, Diego A.; Jauregui, Edwin A.; Segura-Charry, Juan S.; Romero-Sanchez, Consuelo; Felipe-Diaz, Oscar J.

doi:10.1016/j.rcreu.2021.08.003

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

Cited by SciELO
Access statistics

Revista Colombiana de Reumatología

Print version ISSN 0121-8123

Rev.Colomb.Reumatol. vol.29 no.2 Bogotá Apr./June 2022 Epub Feb 23, 2023

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcreu.2021.08.003

Consensus statement

2021 clinical practice guideline for the early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Colombian Association of Rheumatology^{^*}

Wilson Bautista-Molano^a^*

Lina M. Saldarriaga-Rivera^b

Alejandro Junca-Ramírez^c

Andrés R. Fernández-Aldana^d

Daniel G. Fernández-Ávila^e

Diego A. Jaimes^f

Edwin A. Jauregui^g

Juan S. Segura-Charry^h

Consuelo Romero-Sanchezⁱ

Oscar J. Felipe-Diaz^j

^{^a} Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia

^{^b} Hospital Universitario San Jorge, Faculty of Medicine, Technological University of Pereira, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Clínica Los Rosales, Pereira, Colombia

^{^c} Service of Rheumatology, Colsanitas, Specialized IPS , Colombia Bienestar IPS, Bogota, Colombia

^{^d} Service of Rheumatology, Inmunar SAS, Ibagué, Colombia

^{^e} Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia

^{^f} Universidad de la Sabana, Clínicos IPS, Bogota, Colombia

^{^g} Service of Rheumatology, Riesgo de Fractura SA, Cayre IPS, Bogota, Colombia

^{^h} Service of Rheumatology, Clínica Medilaser Neiva, Clínicos IPS, Bogota, Colombia

^ⁱ Service of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hospital Militar Central, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group, Universidad del Bosque, Bogota, Colombia

^{^j} Service of Rheumatology, Medicarte SA, Clínica las Vegas, Medellín, Colombia

Abstract

Introduction:

Axial spondyloarthritis is a rheumatic condition affecting young patients with social and occupational consequences. Diagnosis delay is associated with functional impairment and impact on quality of life, requiring a multidisciplinary approach.

Objective:

To develop a set of recommendations based on the best available evidence for the early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of adult patients with axial spondy-loarthritis.

Methods:

A working group was established, questions were developed, outcomes were graded, and a systematic search for evidence was conducted. A multidisciplinary panel of members was established (including patient representatives), minimizing bias in relation to conflicts of interest. The GRADE approach "Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation" was used to assess the quality of the evidence as well as the direction and strength of recommendations. In total, 11 recommendations on diagnosis (n=2), pharmacological treatment (n=6), non-pharmacological treatment (n=2) and monitoring (n=1) are presented.

Results:

Sacroiliac joint radiography as the first diagnostic method, and the use of disease activity scales for patient monitoring (ASDAS or BASDAI), are recommended. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the first treatment option; in case of intolerance or residual pain, acetaminophen or opioids are recommended. In patients with axial involvement, it is recommended not to use conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or systemic or local glucocorticoids. In patients with failure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-TNF or anti-IL17A are recommended. In those patients presenting with anti-TNF failure, starting an anti-IL17A is recommended. Exercise, physical and occupational therapy are recommended as part of treatment. It is recommended not to use unconventional therapies as the only treatment option.

Conclusions:

This set of recommendations provides an updated guideline for the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients with axial spondyloarthritis.

Keywords: Spondyloarthritis; Practice guideline; Early diagnosis; Treatment; Monitoring

RESUMEN

Introducción:

La espondiloartritis axial es una enfermedad reumatológica que afecta a individuos jóvenes y tiene una gran repercusión sociolaboral. El retraso en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento se asocia con un mayor deterioro funcional y un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida, por lo que requiere un abordaje multidisciplinario.

Objetivo:

Desarrollar y formular un conjunto de recomendaciones específicas basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible para la detección temprana, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el seguimiento de los pacientes adultos con espondiloartritis axial.

Métodos:

Se configuró un grupo desarrollador, se formularon preguntas clínicas contestables, se graduaron los desenlaces y se realizó la búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia. El panel de la guía fue multidisciplinario (incluyendo representantes de los pacientes) y balanceado, minimizando el sesgo por conflictos de intereses. Se utilizó la aproximación Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) para evaluar la calidad de la evidencia, al igual que la dirección y la fortaleza de las recomendaciones. Se presentan 11 recomendaciones relacionadas con diagnóstico (n = 2), tratamiento farmacológico (n = 6), tratamiento no farmacológico (n = 2) y seguimiento (n = 1).

Resultados:

Se recomienda la radiografía de articulaciones sacroilíacas como primer método diagnóstico, y el uso de escalas de actividad para el seguimiento de los pacientes (ASDAS o BASDAI). Los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos son la primera opción de tratamiento; en caso de intolerancia o dolor residual se recomienda acetaminofén u opioides. En pacientes con compromiso axial se recomienda abstenerse de utilizar medicamentos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad convencionales ni glucocorticoides sistémicos o locales. En pacientes con falla a los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, se recomienda un anti-TNFα o un anti-IL17A. En pacientes con falla a anti-TNFα, se recomienda iniciar un anti-IL17A. El ejercicio y la terapia física y ocupacional se recomiendan como parte del tratamiento. Se recomienda no utilizar las terapias no convencionales como única opción de tratamiento.

Conclusiones:

Este conjunto de recomendaciones proporciona una guía actualizada sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la espondiloartritis axial.

Palabras clave: Espondiloartritis; Guía de práctica clínica; Diagnóstico temprano; Tratamiento; Seguimiento

Introduction

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a generic term that integrates a group of interrelated inflammatory conditions, which share clinical, genetic, epidemiological, pathophysiological and radiographic characteristics, as well as therapeutic options. According to the clinical presentation pattern, they may be predominantly axial or peripheral. The onset of symptoms usually occurs before 45 years of age. Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), as a subtype of SpA, is a chronic inflammatory disease that mainly affects the axial skeleton (spine and sacroiliac joints), but can also affect peripheral joints (oligoarthritis predominantly in the lower limbs) and the entheses (regions where a tendon, ligament or the articular capsule are inserted into the bone) both axial and peripheral. The term axSpA includes: 1) patients with structural damage of the sacroiliac joints or the spine visible on radiographs (radiographic axSpA, also called ankylosing spondylitis AS), and 2) patients without structural damage visible on plain radiography (non-radiographic axSpA nr-axSpA). ⁽¹ The prevalence of SpA in Latin America has been estimated in 0.52 (95% CI: 0.10-1.25) and that of AS in 0.14 (95% CI: 0.05-0.34). ⁽² In Colombia, a recent study that used the Copcord methodology estimated a prevalence of 0.11% for AS and 0.28% for undifferentiated SpA. ⁽³

Patients present with chronic back pain (more than 3 months of evolution) associated with morning stiffness, predominantly located in the lumbar region; however, any part of the spine can be affected. Low back pain is a frequent symptom in daily clinical practice and is one of the main causes of medical consultation, so it is important to define its approach, especially at the first level of healthcare. In addition to extra-articular manifestations (uveitis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease), the associated comorbidities in these patients increase the total burden of the disease, especially those related to cardiovascular and infectious diseases. ⁽⁴⁾ The diagnosis of axSpA, as well as its therapeutic approach, present important challenges for the clinician, given the variability and heterogeneity of its clinical manifestations. One of the most important manifestations is the presence of inflammatory low back pain. Different criteria have been developed for the classification of inflammatory low back pain, which overlap to a large extent. ⁽⁵^,⁶ The ASAS criteria that define the inflammatory characteristics of low back pain have a sensitivity of 79.6% and a specificity of 72.4%.⁷ These include the onset of pain before the age of 40, which is insidious and nocturnal, improves with exercise, and is also characterized by a lack of improvement with rest. Several studies in the country have reported the different patterns of clinical presentation in SpA and its most frequent manifestations, ⁽⁸^,⁹ and have evaluated the performance of the different classification criteria using the clinical diagnosis of the rheumatologist as an external standard. ⁽¹⁰ Likewise, additional studies in the country have explored the clinical variables that guide the rheumatologist to request additional studies for the diagnosis of SpA, ⁽¹¹ and have reported the frequency of the HLA-B27 allele in individ-uals with clinical signs suggestive of SpA¹² and in healthy individuals. ⁽¹³

This is the first clinical practice guideline (CPG) aimed at patients with axSpA that is developed, published and implemented in Colombia, and is intended to have a favorable impact on the early diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of these patients. The CPG in axSpA joins and complements the most widely used international guides in the country for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, such as the guide of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) ⁽¹⁴⁾ and the guide of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR). ⁽¹⁵

This CPG is addressed to health professionals involved in the care of patients with axSpA, decision makers, payers of health expenditures and government entities that generate health policies. The full version of this CPG (including the methodology developed, the systematic search for scientific information and the detailed presentation of the evidence) is found in Appendix B, supplementary material, and will be available for consultation on the website of the Colombian Association of Rheumatology (Asoreuma) and on the website of Scientific Societies of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, after the publication of this document.

Materials and methods

The objective of the guideline is to develop a set of specific recommendations based on the best available evidence regarding the early diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with axSpA, establish the clinical parameters for the diagnostic approach of the patient with inflammatory low back pain, sensitize the medical staff on the identification and clinical suspicion of the disease, reduce the variability in treatment and, potentially, rationalize expenditures, optimize timely referral of patients to the rheumatologist and improve the quality of life and the occupational and social performance of the patients.

The Guideline Developer Group (GDG) assessed the certainty of the evidence, developed and graded the recommendations following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. ⁽¹⁶^-¹⁹ In the development of the CPG, the GDG has followed a series of steps that are described below.

Organization, planning and coordination of the clinical practice guideline

The GDG was composed of 9 expert rheumatologists and one immunology bacteriologist, members of the Asoreuma Spondyloarthritis Study Group, 2 patient representatives and one anthropologist as a representative of the civil society. All the panel sessions were accompanied by representatives from the Ministry of Health and Social Protection and the Institute of Evaluation of Technologies in Health (IETS). The leader of the CPG is a rheumatologist representing the Asoreuma Study Group and a member of the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) group. The development of the CPG had the methodological accompaniment of an external and independent consulting firm. The CPG was carried out following the guidelines of the Methodological Guide for the elaboration of clinical practice guidelines with economic evaluation in the Colombian General System of Social Security in Health".²⁰ The work of the GDG was carried out using computer tools, face-to-face meetings, and virtual meetings. In addition to systematically synthesizing the evidence, the company Evidentias SAS supported the process of development of the CPG, including the determination of the methods, the preparation of agendas and meetings, the materials, and the facilitation of discussion panels.

Formulation of clinical questions and definition of the outcomes

The questions in the guide were formulated by open consultation with all members of the GDG, and were subsequently prioritized by the GDG itself, following the Delphi methodology, until a consensus was reached (greater than 80%). A total of 2 rounds of virtual consultation by email were carried out. The methodology proposed by the GRADE Working Group (GRADEwg) was followed for grading the outcomes of interest for each question.¹⁶⁾ The process was carried out virtually. The outcomes presented in Table 1 were evaluated as critical and important for the total number of questions to be answered by the CPG, these outcomes were used to define the selection criteria of the evidence that supports each recommendation (supplementary material: protocols by question available at https://www.asoreuma.org).

Table 1 Grading of the outcomes for questions on therapy and diagnosis.

Review and evaluation of the previous clinical practice guidelines

After defining the questions to be answered by the guidelines, a search aimed to identified the CPGs in axSpA was carried out, in order to assess the pertinence of adapting or adopting some of their recommendations following the Adolopment strategy. ⁽²¹⁾ A total of 12 CPGs published in the past 5 years were identified,¹⁴^-¹⁵^,²²^-³¹ as a pre-established selection criterion. These CPGs were fully reviewed by three members of the GDG and a methodologist from Evidentias SAS, in accordance with The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation Instrument (AGREE-II). ⁽³²^,³³ The results of this evaluation are presented in Table 2.

Table 2 Evaluation of the CPGs in axSpA according to the AGREE-II instrument.

None of the 12 CPGs addressed the totality of questions defined by the GDG. Those that met the desired rigor (according to the evaluation of this domain by AGREE-II) were taken into account to adapt their recommendations on those questions for which no evidence that would allow giving an answer was found. In most cases, the questions were developed de novo.

Review of the evidence and development of the recommendations

The Evidentias SAS team carried out systematic reviews of the literature to resolve each question of the guideline and report on the effects (benefits and harms) of the interventions, the use of resources (cost-effectiveness), values and preferences (relative importance of the results), and the possible impact on the equity, acceptability and feasibility of the potential recommendation.

Search for evidence

Initially, a highly sensitive search strategy was generated to identify the publications related to the condition "spondyloarthritis". Based on this strategy for the definition of the condition, search strategies specific for each question were developed in the "Patient, Intervention, Comparator, and Out-come" (PICO) format.

For each question, at least 3 complementary search strategies were designed: a search focused on the identification of evidence to evaluate the effect of the intervention or diagnostic test and their safety, another search to identify cost studies and economic evaluations that would allow to inform the panel about the potential economic impact of the intervention and, finally, a search designed to identify studies on patient values and preferences. For each of these searches, the strategies initially defined for each PICO question were complemented with high-sensitivity filters to identify the study of interest (systematic reviews of clinical trials, studies of diagnostic tests, studies of costs and economic analyses, studies of quality of life and evaluation of preferences). The searches were performed by an expert in bioinformatics.

The searches were performed using the OVID metasearch engine, including the PubMed/MEdline, Embase, Epistemonikos and LILACs - Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases. When the search did not yield relevant evidence to answer the question, a manual search was carried out by reviewing references, consulting pages of scientific societies and consulting GDG experts.

Both the search and the processes of selection, evaluation and synthesis of evidence were carried out in accordance with the standards proposed by the Cochrane collaboration.³⁴⁾ The studies identified for each PICO question were assessed for methodological quality by epidemiologists. The systematic literature reviews (SLR) were evaluated according to the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (Amstar 2) tool, ⁽³⁵ the randomized clinical experiments were evaluated with the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias (RoB) instrument, ⁽³⁶ the diagnostic studies and systematic reviews of diagnostic tests were assessed with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS 2) tool, ⁽³⁷ and the cost studies, with the Drummond checklist, recommended for the evaluation of studies of economic analysis. ⁽³⁸ The evaluation of the quality of the studies on values and preferences was carried out following the recommendations of the GRADEwg for this type of evidence. ⁽³⁹ The evaluation of the overall qual-ity of evidence was carried out according with the GRADE approach. ⁽⁴⁰

Based on the evaluation of the evidence and following the guidelines of the GRADE approach, evidence profiles and summary tables of the findings that included the main outcomes defined as of interest for each question were prepared¹⁷ (supplementary material available at: https://www.asoreuma.org).

For each question, it was prepared a protocol that included: the PICO question, the ratingof the outcomes, the search strategy, the description of the search results, a brief overview of the studies identified for each aspect of interest and their methodological quality, and the summary table of the GRADE findings. In addition, each protocol included the Evidence to Decision (EtD) format suggested by the GRADEwg to support the panel in the formulation of recommendations. ⁽¹⁸

Each protocol, once completed, was reviewed by an expert rheumatologist of the GDG. The comments and additions suggested by the expert were taken into account to create a new version of the protocol, which was finally sent to all members of the GDG for review. The articles sent by the experts as complementary information were evaluated for their methodological quality by the Evidentias SAS group and, according to this evaluation, the information obtained was assigned to the "evidence" or "additional information" columns of the EtD.

The members of the GDG, the representatives of the patients and the experts in equity were contacted by the coordinators of the CPG during the process of preparation of the EtD early enough to obtain from them the information pertinent to these 2 aspects for each question.

All members of the GDG received the total of protocols developed for each question of the CPG, in an email message that motivated them to read the information and prepare in advance both the additional information that they considered pertinent and the vote (judgment) that they would give to each aspect contemplated in the EtD format. This mail was sent 8 days before the meeting on recommendations.

In accordance with the formal consensus methodology of the Methodological Guide for the elaboration of guidelines of comprehensive care in the Colombian General Social Security Health System, ⁽²⁰ the modality of expert panel was chosen, thus facilitating the discussion of the evidence for the construction of the recommendations. The panel of experts consisted of 10 members of the Asoreuma Spondyloarthritis Study Group. A leader and a coordinator for the CPGs on axSpA were designated.

In order to generate the recommendations, two virtual meetings were held using the Google Meet platform. In addition to the panel of experts, the meetings were attended by patient representatives, an anthropologist, representatives of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection, representatives of the Institute of Evaluation of Technologies in Health (IETS) and the methodologists. Voting was carried out through the Mentimeter^® electronic voting system. The recommendation was accepted with a vote of 50% +1 of the votes of the total number of people eligible to vote (votes in the supplementary material available at: https://www.asoreuma.org). After the vote, the definitive EtD was generated, incorporating the agreed adjustments and the voted recommendations. The final protocols were reviewed again by the GDG. The meetings were recorded on audio and video for later reference.

Review of the document

The GDG carried out the activities that allowed the inclusion of opinions from the different actors and decision makers: 1) socialization of the scope, objectives and clinical questions contained in the guideline, through publication on the Asoreuma page; 2) participation and voting in the virtual meetings; 3) socialization of the final recommendations of the CPG with the health professionals and interested parties during a month, through their publication on the Asoreuma page and announcements in social networks; 4) sending of the final document of the CPG for external peer review. It is proposed to update this CPG every two years from its publication, if there is new evidence that changes any of the initially proposed recommendations in one direction or another. If there is no new evidence, it will be reviewed again in 3 years.

Results

The recommendations according to each question asked are presented below, together with the summary of the evidence:

Question 1. In the detection of adult patients with axSpA and chronic low back pain in individuals under 45 years of age, which of the screening scales (1. Berlin algorithm; 2. ASAS criteria for inflammatory low back pain; 3. Calin criteria), should be used because of its operational charac-teristics and diagnostic performance?

Recommendation: in patients with low back pain of more than 3 months of evolution, the panel suggests the application of any of the 3 classification criteria for screening of inflammatory low back pain.

Conditional recommendation in favor. Quality of the evidence ⊕⊕ΟΟ low.

Good practice point: the primary care physician can find more useful the use of the ASAS criteria for inflammatory low back pain for this purpose.

Summary of the evidence: no SLRs that compared the operating characteristics of the Calin, Berlin and ASAS screening scales were found. Three independent studies that comparatively evaluate some of these screening tests were identified: the Divers study,⁴¹ the Arnbak 2016 study, ⁽⁴² and the Solmaz study. ⁽⁴³

Conclusion: the screening questionnaires for inflammatory low back pain have the advantages of being widely available and easy to perform. Sensitivity and specificity values varied widely, taking into account the reference standard that was used. In general, the diagnostic performance is acceptable. These tools should be complementary to clinical judgment.

Question 2. For the diagnosis of axSpA in adult patients, should magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sacroiliac joints be performed instead of sacroiliac radiograph, due to its operative characteristics and diagnostic performance?

Recommendation: conventional radiography of the sacroiliac joints is suggested as the first imaging method to diagnose sacroiliitis as part of axSpA. If the diagnosis of axSpA cannot be established based on the clinical characteristics and the conventional radiography, and axSpA is still suspected, it is suggested to use a MRI of the sacroiliac joints. Conditional recommendation in favor of conventional radiography.

Quality of the evidence ⊕⊕ΟΟ low.

Good practice point: the panel considers that it is not pertinent to request a bone scintigraphy for the study of patients with low back pain and suspected axSpA.

Summary of the evidence: no studies that comparatively evaluated the MRI vs. the lumbosacral radiography were identified. This summary is based on 4 studies: one SLR that evaluates the MRI in the diagnosis of axSpA, ⁽⁴⁴ one study that evaluates the performance of a MRI of sacroiliac and lumbar joints⁴⁵ and 2 cohort studies. ⁽⁴⁶^,⁴⁷

Conclusion: it is suggested to perform conventional radiography of the sacroiliac joints as the first imaging method to diagnose sacroiliitis. Based on the ability of MRI to detect the disease early, it is considered pertinent to perform it in a young population with symptoms of few years of duration.

Question 3. In adult patients with axSpA, should non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) be used as the first option for pharmacological treatment due to their effectiveness (control of the disease, remission/low activ-ity of symptoms, improvement in functionality scales) and safety (adverse events)?

Recommendation: in patients with axSpA, the use of NSAIDs is recommended as the first treatment option.

Strong recommendation in favor. Quality of the evidence ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high.

Good practice point: when prescribing NSAID-type medications, possible contraindications should be assessed. The panel considers that, in the case of active disease, 2 sequential NSAIDs at optimal doses should be used for at least 4 weeks.

Summary of the evidence: the systematic review of the literature (SLR) by Kroon 2015 which included 39 studies was selected. The methodological quality according to Amstar was good.

Conclusion: the balance between desirable and undesirable effects favors the use of the intervention, with a favorable impact on several outcomes and an adequate safety profile.

Question 4. In the treatment of adult patients with axSpA and axial manifestations, should conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) be used, due to their effectiveness (control of the disease, remission/low activity of symptoms, improvement in functionality scales) and safety (adverse events)?

Recommendation: in patients with axSpA and axial manifes-tations, it is recommended not to use conventional DMARDs as a therapeutic option.

Conditional recommendation against. Quality of the evidence ⊕⊕ΟΟ low.

Summary of the evidence: no studies that comparatively assessed grouped conventional DMARDs vs. other therapies in axSpA were found. This summary is based on 2 RSLs from the literature. ⁽⁴⁸^,⁴⁹ The overall quality of the evidence was "low"

Conclusion: The use of conventional DMARDs is not recommended as a therapeutic strategy in patients with axSpA since the certainty of the evidence is low. In addition, there are no differences in the comparisons (methotrexate, sulfasalazine and leflunomide vs. placebo). There was a higher risk of adverse events with conventional DMARDs in studies that evaluated these medications in other autoimmune diseases.

Question 5. In the treatment of adult patients with axSpA, should conventional analgesics (acetaminophen, opioids) be used, due to their effectiveness (improvement in pain scales and quality of life) and safety (adverse events)?

Recommendation: in patients with axSpA who have intolerance and/or contraindication to NSAID therapy, or who have residual pain despite a properly established treatment, the use of acetaminophen or opioids is suggested for pain control.

Conditional recommendation in favor. Quality of the evidence ⊕⊕ΟΟ low.

Good practice point: the panel suggests to avoid the continuous and prolonged use of opioid medications and rationalize their use, as well as starting acetaminophen-type analgesics before beginning opioid medications

Summary of the evidence: no study that evaluated this treatment only in patients with axSpA was identified, only one study conducted by Chang et al. ⁽⁵⁰ in ankylosing spondylitis was found.

Conclusion: patients with axSpA with a contraindication and/or intolerance to NSAIDs, or those with advanced disease or associated comorbidities, may benefit from the use of acetaminophen and/or opioids.

Question 6. In the treatment of adult patients with axSpA, should glucocorticoids (local or systemic) be used due to their effectiveness (control of the disease, remission/low activity of symptoms, improvement in the quality of life and functionality scales, radiographic progression) and safety (adverse events)?

Recommendation: in patients with axSpA, it is recommended not to use systemic or local glucocorticoids.

Strong recommendation against. Quality of the evidence ⊕ΟΟΟ very low.

Summary of the evidence: the SLR of Ward et al. ⁽⁵¹ was selected. The quality of the evidence was rated as very low. This SLR generated a strong recommendation against.

Conclusion: the low quality of the studies, the small number of patients and the high risk of bias prevented us from concluding in favor of the intervention. The indirect evidence regarding the safety profile of the use of systemic corticosteroids suggests that the risks outweigh the benefits.

Question 7. In adult patients with active axSpA in whom NSAIDs have failed, should the following: 1) anti-TNFa; 2) anti-IL-17; 3) anti-12-23 or 4) JAK inhibitors, be used as a second treatment option due to their greater effectiveness and safety?

Recommendation: In patients with axSpA who present therapeutic failure or pharmacological intolerance to NSAIDs, the initiation of therapy with anti-TNFa or anti-L17A is recommended.

Strong recommendation in favor. Quality of the evidence ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high.

Good practice point: In case of considering therapy with anti-IL17A, the panel preferably recommends the choice of secukinumab, for which there is more evidence that supports its use.

Summary of the evidence: no primary studies comparing in parallel the effect of iTNFa, anti-IL17A, anti-IL12-23 and iJAK were identified. One study that compared ixekizumab (anti-IL17A) at 2 different doses with adalimumab (iTNFa) and placebo was identified. ⁽⁵² Several studies that individually evaluated drugs from the classes of interest vs. placebo were identified.⁵²^-⁵⁶ Secukinumab has been evaluated in sev-eral RCTs known as the Measure studies (1, 2 and 3) for the treatment of axSpA, and in the PREVENT study⁵⁴ for the treatment of nr-axSpA.

Conclusion: the balance of the desirable and undesirable effects based on the evidence evaluated favors the use of the intervention. The evidence on the benefit and safety of iTNFa is of high quality. The evidence on secukinumab regarding benefits is high, however, due to the imprecision in the measurement of adverse events (frequencies less than 1%), the quality of the evidence is considered moderate.

Question 8. In adult patients with axSpA in whom a first-line biological treatment with an anti-TNFa has failed, should another drug/biological agent (which one) be used as the next treatment option due to its effectiveness and safety?

Recommendation: in patients with axSpA, who present therapeutic failure or pharmacological intolerance to anti-TNFa, it is suggested to start an anti-IL17A. Conditional recommendation in favor. Quality of the evidence ⊕⊕ΟΟ low.

Summary of the evidence: no study that has evaluated IL17A inhibitors in patients with axSpA in whom the initial anti-TNF therapy failed was identified. Phase III Measure 1 to 4 studies were conducted in order to evaluate the effect of secukinumab at different doses in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. In the Measure 2, ⁽⁵⁷^,⁵⁸ it was conducted a subgroup analysis that included 219 patients, of whom 85 (38.8%) had received anti-TNF treatment without response or with intolerance. ⁽⁵⁸

The Measure 3 study⁵⁹ included 226 patients, of whom 53 had presented therapeutic failure or pharmacological intolerance to management with an anti-TNF.

Conclusion: the balance between the desirable and undesirable effects favors the use of an anti-IL17A.

Question 9. In adult patients with axSpA, should non-pharmacological therapies, such as physical therapy and exercise, be used for the control of the disease, remission of symptoms, low disease activity, and improvement in quality of life and functionality scales?

Recommendation 9A: in patients with axSpA, the prescription of exercise and physical therapy is recommended as part of the usual treatment.

Strong recommendation in favor. Quality of the evidence ⊕⊕⊕Ο moderate.

Recommendation 9B: in patients with axSpA, the prescrip-tion of occupational therapy is suggested.

Conditional recommendation in favor. Quality of the evidence ⊕⊕ΟΟ low.

Good practice point: the panel considers prioritizing the exercise on land over the exercise in water due to the feasibility of doing it for a long time. It considers that the prescription of physical therapy should ideally be carried out by professionals trained for this purpose (specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation, specialist in sports medicine).

Summary ofthe evidence: no studies that comparatively evaluated all available physical therapies were identified, however, studies that evaluated some of them in comparison with others, or with the option of not doing physical therapy, were identified. An open-label controlled clinical trial⁶⁰ whose objective was to evaluate the effect of occupational therapy on the functional status of patients with AS treated with anti-TNF drugs was identified. An SLR⁶¹ that evaluates the role of exercise on land or in water for the management of AS patients was identified. This review was rated with Amstar⁶² and was considered of acceptable quality. For the exercise, the SLR of Pécourneau et al. 2018⁶³ was identified as of acceptable quality according to Amstar.

Conclusion: the evidence from clinical trials and meta-analyses has shown the positive impact of physical therapy, exercise both on land and in water, and occupational therapy on the health status, the functional status, and the quality of life of patients with axSpA.

Question 10. In adult patients with axSpA, should non-pharmacological management with non-conventional therapies (1. Acupuncture; 2. Pilates; 3. Neural therapy; 4. Yoga; 5. Reiki) be used for the control of the disease, remission of symptoms, low disease activity, improvement in quality of life and functionality scales?

Recommendation: in patients with axSpA, it is recommended not to use non-conventional therapies as the onlytreatment option.

Conditional recommendation against. Quality of the evidence ⊕⊕ΟΟ low.

Summary of the evidence: 75 results were identified, of which 8 correspond to systematic reviews and meta-analyses: acupuncture, 3 SLR⁶⁴^-⁶⁶; Pilates, 2 SLR⁶⁶^,⁶⁷; one meta-analysis, ⁽⁶⁸ one quasi-experimental study⁶⁹ and 2 clinical studies. ⁽⁷⁰^,⁷¹ Neural therapy: only one study was identified. ⁽⁷²⁾ Yoga: only one study was identified. ⁽⁷³ Reiki: the literature search did not yield any relevant article.

Conclusion: complementary therapies, generally with few contraindications and side effects, could be part of the pertinent multidisciplinary therapeutic arsenal in these diseases. However, they should not be used as the only treatment option.

Question 11. To assess disease activity in adult patients with axSpA, which of the clinimetry scales (ASDAS, BAS-DAI) should be used, according to the characteristics of the test (reliability, sensitivity to change, discriminative ability, internal consistency)?

Recommendation: in patients with axSpA, the use of the ASDAS or BASDAI scales is suggested for the evaluation of disease activity.

Conditional recommendation in favor. Quality of the evidence ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high.

Good practice point: the panel suggests to use preferably the ASDAS because it allows a better stratification of the disease activity.

Summary ofthe evidence: four studies that address this question were identified. ⁽⁷⁴^-⁷⁷

Conclusions: it is conditionally recommended in favor the evaluation of the activity with BASDAI and ASDAS, which showed a good discrimination ability and sensitivity to change.

Limitations

It is important to take into account that in some of the ques-tions of this CPG, the evidence obtained did not respond directly, since no comparative studies between the strategies were found. This forced the use of indirect information for the recommendations. It is necessary in the future the design of RCTs that directly involve the comparisons of interest. The changing classification of the disease made it difficult the selection of the studies.

Discussion

This CPG presents the recommendations related to the early diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with axSpA, addressed to health professionals involved in patient care, decision makers, payers of health spending and government entities that generate health policies. These recommendations are intended to describe the treatment approach of the typical patient and cannot anticipate all possible clinical scenarios; therefore, their application must be individualized. This academic initiative aims to reduce variability in clinical practice and support decision-making in the management of patients with axSpA.

Acknowledgments

The group that developed the guideline would like to thank the patient representatives María T. Castellanos and Julieth S. Buitrago ((representative of the Ankylosing Spondylitis Foundation in Colombia), the representative of the civil society, anthropologist Yuri Romero, the representatives of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection Gloria Villota, Rodrigo Restrepo, Nubia Bautista and Indira Caicedo, and the representatives of the IETS Adriana Robayo, Kelly P. Estrada, Ani Cortez, Lorena del Pilar Mesa and Jeyson Javier Salamanca Rincón, for their selfless and permanent participation throughout the development of this CPG. Likewise, the GDG thanks the participation, methodological support, advice and accompaniment of José R. Pieschacón MD, MSc., Master in Clinical Epidemiology, and María X. Rojas, Nurse, Master in Clinic Epidemiology, DAS in Public Health, Ph. D. in Biomedical Research with an emphasis on Economic Evaluations, as representatives of Evidentias SAS.

A special thanks to the external evaluators of the CPG, Dr. Mario H. Cardiel, MD, MSc., specialist in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology of the Clinical Research Center of Morelia SC, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, Research Unit «Dr. Mario Alvizouri Muñoz» of the General Hospital «Dr. Miguel Silva» of the Secretariat of Health of the State of Michoacán, Michoacan University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, National Autonomous University of Mexico, and Dr. Enrique R. Soriano MD, MSc., specialist in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Head of the Rheumatology Section of the Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina, titular professor at the University Institute of the Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires; director of the Master's Degree in Clinical Research of said institute, former president of the Pan-American League of Rheumatology Associations (PANLAR), former president of the Argentine Society of Rheumatology, and member of the Steering Committee of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA).

REFERENCES

1. Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Listing J, Akkoc N, Brandt J, et al. The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:777-83, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.108233. [ Links ]

2. Stolwijk C, van Onna M, Boonen A, van Tubergen A. Global prevalence of spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016;68:1320-31, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acr.22831. [ Links ]

3. Londono J, Peláez Ballestas I, Cuervo F, Angarita I, Giraldo R, Rueda JC, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic disease in Colombia according to the Colombian Rheumatology Association (Copcord) strategy. Prevalence study of rheumatic disease in Colombian population older than 18 years. Rev Colomb Reumatol. 2018;25:245-56. [ Links ]

4. Bautista-Molano W, Landewé R, Burgos-Vargas R, Maldonado-Cocco J, Moltó A, Van Den Bosch F, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and risk factors for comorbidities in patients with spondyloarthritis in Latin America: A comparative study with the general population and data from the ASAS-COMOSPA study. J Rheumatol. 2018;45:206-12, http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.170520. [ Links ]

5. Calin A, Porta J, Fries JF, Schurman DJ. Clinical history as a screening test for ankylosing spondylitis. JAMA. 1977;237:2613-4. [ Links ]

6. Rudwaleit M, Metter A, Listing J, Sieper J, Braun J. Inflammatory back pain in ankylosing spondylitis: A reassessment of the clinical history for application as classification and diagnostic criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:569-78, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.21619. [ Links ]

7. Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Brandt J, Burgos-Vagas R, Collantes-Estevez E, et al. New criteria for inflammatory back pain in patients with chronic back pain: A real patient exercise by experts from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS). Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:784-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2008.101501. [ Links ]

8. Londono J, González L, Ramírez A, Santos-Moreno P, Ávila M, Santos AM, et al. Caracterización de las espondiloartropatías y determinación de factores de mal pronóstico en una población de pacientes colombianos. Rev Colomb Reumatol. 2005;12:195-207 Accessed 30 May 2021. Available from: https://www.imbiomed.com.mx/articulo.php?id=77265 [ Links ]

9. Márquez J, Pinto L, Candia L, Restrepo M, Uribe E, Rincón O, et al. Espondiloartritis en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe. Descripción de una cohorte. Rev Colomb Reumatol. 2010;17:80-5 Accessed 30 May 2021. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-81232010000200002&lng=en [ Links ]

10. Bautista-Molano W, Landewé RBM, Londono J, Romero-Sanchez C, Valle-Oñate R, van der Heijde D. Analysis and performance of various classification criteria sets in a Colombian cohort of patients with spondyloarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35:1759-67, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3184-2. [ Links ]

11. Bautista-Molano W, Landewé RB, Serna C, Valle-Oñate R, van der Heijde D. Factors associated with the decision of the rheumatologist to order sacroiliac joints magnetic resonance imaging (SI-MRI) or HLA-B27 testing in the diagnostic work-up of patients with spondyloarthritis in clinical practice. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35:122-8. [ Links ]

12. Romero-Sanchez C, Chila-Moreno L, Gómez A, Casas MC, Bautista-Molano W, Briceno I, et al. The frequency of HLA-B27 in a Colombian population with signs of spondyloarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2018;14:246-50, http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573397113666170329121552. [ Links ]

13. Romero-Sánchez C, Hernández N, Chila-Moreno L, Jiménez K, Padilla D, Bello-Gualtero JM, et al. HLA-B allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies in a group of healthy individuals in Colombia. J Clin Rheumatol. 2021, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0000000000001671. [ Links ]

14. Smolen JS, Schöls M, Braun J, Dougados M, FitzGerald O, Gladman DD, et al. Treating axial spondyloarthritis and peripheral spondyloarthritis, especially psoriatic arthritis, to target: 2017 update of recommendations by an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77:3-17, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211734. [ Links ]

15. Ward MM, Deodhar A, Gensler LS, Dubreuil M, Yu D, Khan MA, et al. 2019 update of the American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network recommendations for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71:1599-613, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.41042. [ Links ]

16. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD. [ Links ]

17. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:383-94, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026. [ Links ]

18. Alonso-Coello P, Oxman AD, MobergJ, Brignardello-Petersen R, Akl EA, Davoli M, et al. GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: A systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 2: Clinical practice guidelines. BMJ. 2016:i2089, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2089. [ Links ]

19. Schünemann HJ, Mustafa R, Brozek J, Santesso N, Alonso-Coello P, Guyatt G, et al. GRADE Guidelines: 16. GRADE evidence to decision frameworks for tests in clinical practice and public health. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;76:89-98, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.032. [ Links ]

20. Orden LY, Carrasquilla G, Director G, Médico DP, Cristina A, Alvarez P, et al Accessed 30 Jul 2020. Available from: http://gpc.minsalud.gov.co/recursos/Documentoscompartidos/Guia_Metodologica _Web.pdf, 2014. [ Links ]

21. Schünemann HJ, Wiercioch W, Brozek J, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Mustafa RA, Manja V, et al. GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks for adoption, adaptation, and de novo development of trustworthy recommendations: GRADE-ADOLOPMENT. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;81:101-10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.09.009. [ Links ]

22. Duarte C, Sousa-Neves J, Águeda A, Ribeiro P, Daniel A, Eugénio G, et al. Portuguese recommendations for the use of biological therapies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis -2016 update. Acta Reumatol Port. 2017;42:112-26 Accessed 30 May 2020. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28535544 [ Links ]

23. van der Heijde D, Ramiro S, Landewé R, Baraliakos X, Van den Bosch F, Sepriano A, et al. 2016 update of the ASAS-EULAR management recommendations for axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:978-91, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210770. [ Links ]

24. Hamilton L, Barkham N, Bhalla A, Brittain R, Cook D, Jones G, et al. BSR and BHPR guideline for the treatment of axial spondyloarthritis (including ankylosing spondylitis) with biologics. Rheumatology. 2017;56:313-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kew223. [ Links ]

25. Rohekar S, Chan J, Tse SML, Haroon N, Chandran V, Bessette L, et al. 2014 Update of the Canadian Rheumatology Association/Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada Treatment recommendations for the management of spondyloarthritis. Part II: Specific management recommendations. J Rheumatol. 2015;42:665-81, http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.141001. [ Links ]

26. Wendling D, Lukas C, Paccou J, Claudepierre P, Carton L, Combe B, et al. Recommendations of the French Society for Rheumatology (SFR) on the everyday management of patients with spondyloarthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81:6-14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2013.12.002. [ Links ]

27. Coates LC, Kavanaugh A, Mease PJ, Soriano ER, Laura Acosta-Felquer M, Armstrong AW, et al. Group for research and assessment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis 2015 treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:1060-71, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.39573. [ Links ]

28. Tam LS, Wei JC, Aggarwal A, Baek HJ, Cheung PP, Chiowchanwisawakit P, et al. 2018 APLAR axial spondyloarthritis treatment recommendations. Int J Rheum Dis. 2019;22:340-56, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13510. [ Links ]

29. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Spondyloarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management. Londres: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK); 2017 Accessed 30 Jul 2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553609/. [ Links ]

30. Reyes-Cordero G, Enríquez-Sosa F, Gómez-Ruiz C, González-Díaz V, Castillo-Ortiz JD, Duran-Barragán S, et al. Recomendaciones del Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología para el manejo de las espondiloartritis. Reumatol Clínica. 2021;17:37-45, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reuma.2019.03.010. [ Links ]

31. Canete Crespillo J Accessed 25 Abr 2020. Available from: https://www.ser.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/GPC_-Tratamiento_EspAax_APs_DEF.pdf, 2015. [ Links ]

32. AGREE Next Steps Consortium Accessed 25 Abr 2020. Available from: http://www.guiasalud.es, 2009. [ Links ]

33. Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. AGREE II: Advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. Can Med Assoc J. 2010;182:E839-42, http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090449. [ Links ]

34. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions Version 6.2.; 2021. [ Links ]

35. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4008. [ Links ]

36. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d5928, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928. [ Links ]

37. Higgins J, Sterne J, Savovic J, Page MJ, Hróbjartsson A, Boutron I, Reeves B, et al. A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10:29-31 Accessed 30 May 2021. Available from: https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/a-revised-tool-for-assessing-risk-of-bias-in-randomized-trials [ Links ]

38. Wijnen B, Van Mastrigt G, Redekop W, Majoie H, De Kinderen R, Evers SMAA. How to prepare a systematic review of economic evaluations for informing evidence-based healthcare decisions: Data extraction, risk of bias, and transferability (part 3/3). Expert Rev Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res. 2016;16:723-32, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2016.1246961. [ Links ]

39. Zhang Y, Coello PA, Guyatt GH, Yepes-Nuíiez JJ, Akl EA, Hazlewood G, et al. GRADE guidelines: 20. Assessing the certainty of evidence in the importance of outcomes or values and preferences-inconsistency, imprecision, and other domains. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;111:83-93, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.05.011. [ Links ]

40. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:401-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015. [ Links ]

41. Poddubnyy D, Callhoff J, Spiller I, Listing J, Braun J, Sieper J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of inflammatory back pain for axial spondyloarthritis in rheumatological care. RMD Open. 2018;4:e000825, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000825. [ Links ]

42. Arnbak B, Hendricks O, Hørslev-Petersen K, Jurik A, Pedersen S, Østergaard M, et al. The discriminative value of inflammatory back pain in patients with persistent low back pain. Scand J Rheumatol. 2016;45:321-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03009742.2015.1105289. [ Links ]

43. Solmaz D, Akar S, Soysal O, Akkoc Y, Can G, Gerdan V, et al. Performance of different criteria sets for inflammatory back pain in patients with axial spondyloarthritis with and without radiographic sacroiliitis. Clin Rheumatol. 2014;33:1475-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-014-2622-2. [ Links ]

44. Arnbak B, de Leboeuf Y, Jensen CT. A systematic critical review on MRI in spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14:R55, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar3768. [ Links ]

45. Weber U, Zubler V, Zhao Z, Lambert RGW, Chan SM, Pedersen SJ, et al. Does spinal MRI add incremental diagnostic value to MRI of the sacroiliac joints alone in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis? Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:985-92, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203887. [ Links ]

46. Poddubnyy D, Gaydukova I, Hermann K-G, Song I-H, Haibel H, Braun J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging compared to conventional radiographs for detection of chronic structural changes in sacroiliac joints in axial spondyloarthritis. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:1557-65, http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.130141. [ Links ]

47. Dougados M, Sepriano A, Molto A, van Lunteren M, Ramiro S, de Hooge M, et al. Sacroiliac radiographic progression in recent onset axial spondyloarthritis: The 5-year data of the DESIR cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:1823-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211596. [ Links ]

48. Chen J, Veras M. Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:CD004524, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004524.pub4. [ Links ]

49. Chen J, Lin S, Liu C. Sulfasalazine for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014:CD004800, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004800.pub3. [ Links ]

50. Chang JK, Yu CT, Lee MY, Yeo K, Chang IC, Tsou HK, et al. Tramadol/acetaminophen combination as add-on therapy in the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32:341-7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-012-2125-y. [ Links ]

51. Ward MM, Deodhar A, Akl EA, Lui A, Ermann J, Gensler LS, et al. American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network 2015 recommendations for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016;68:151-66, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acr.22708. [ Links ]

52. Deodhar A, van der Heijde D, Gensler LS, Kim TH, Maksymowych WP, 0stergaard M, et al. Ixekizumab for patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (COAST-X): A randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;395:53-64, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32971-X. [ Links ]

53. Ungprasert P, Erwin PJ, Koster MJ. Indirect comparisons of the efficacy of biological agents in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36:1569-77, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-017-3693-7. [ Links ]

54. Deodhar A, Blanco R, Dokoupilova E, van De Sande M, Hall S, Wiksten A, et al. Secukinumab 150 mg significantly improved signs and symptoms of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: Results from a phase 3 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71:5270-2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.41477. [ Links ]

55. Van der Heijde D, Baraliakos X, Gensler LS, Maksymowych WP, Tseluyko V, Nadashkevich O, et al. Efficacy and safety of filgotinib, a selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (TORTUGA): Results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2018;392:2378-87, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32463-2. [ Links ]

56. van der Heijde D, Deodhar A, Wei JC, Drescher E, Fleishaker D, Hendrikx T, et al. Tofacitinib in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A phase II, 16-week, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:1340-7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210322. [ Links ]

57. Marzo-Ortega H, Sieper J, Kivitz A, Blanco R, Cohen M, Delicha E-M, et al. Secukinumab provides sustained improvements in the signs and symptoms of active ankylosing spondylitis with high retention rate: 3-year results from the phase III trial, MEASURE 2. RMD Open . 2017;3:e000592, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000592. [ Links ]

58. Sieper J, Deodhar A, Marzo-Ortega H, Aelion JA, Blanco R, Jui-ChengT, et al. Secukinumab efficacy in anti-TNF-naive and anti-TNF-experienced subjects with active ankylosing spondylitis: Results from the MEASURE 2 Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:571-92, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210023. [ Links ]

59. Pavelka K, Kivitz A, Dokoupilova E, Blanco R, Maradiaga M, Tahir H, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of secukinumab in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis: A randomized, double-blind phase 3 study, MEASURE 3. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19:285, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13075-017-1490-y. [ Links ]

60. Spadaro A, de Luca T, Massimiani MP, Ceccarelli F, Riccieri V, Valesini G. Occupational therapy in ankylosing spondylitis: Short-term prospective study in patients treated with anti-TNF-alpha drugs. Joint Bone Spine. 2008;75:29-33, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.07.006. [ Links ]

61. Zão A, Cantista P. The role of land and aquatic exercise in ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37:1979-90, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-017-3829-8. [ Links ]

62. Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, Boers M, Andersson N, Hamel C, et al. Development of AMSTAR: A measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007;7:10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-7-10. [ Links ]

63. Pécourneau V, Degboé Y, Barnetche T, Cantagrel A, Constantin A, Ruyssen-Witrand A. Effectiveness of exercise programs in ankylosing spondylitis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99:383-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2017.07.015. [ Links ]

64. Nishishinya Aquino MB, Pereda CA, Munoz-Ortego J. Efficacy of acupuncture in rheumatic diseases with spine involvement: Systematic review Article in English, Spanish. Med Clin (Barc). 2019;153:250-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2019.04.020. [ Links ]

65. Lv Z, Zhou X, Chen A. Acupuncture Therapy versus Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drugs for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis-a Meta-analysis Article in German. Forsch Komplementmed. 2015;22:395-402, http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442733. [ Links ]

66. Lautenschläger J. Akupunktur bei der Behandlung entzündlich-rheumatischer Erkrankungen (Acupuncture in treatment of inflammatory rheumatoid diseases). Zeitschrift fur Rheumatol. 1997;56:8-20, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050016. [ Links ]

67. Byrnes K, Wu PJ, Whillier S. Is pilates an effective rehabilitation tool? A systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2018;22:192-202, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.04.008. [ Links ]

68. Cruz JC, Liberali R, da Cruz TMF, Netto MIA. The pilates method in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review. Fisioter em Mov. 2016;29:609-22,http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.029.003.AO19. [ Links ]

69. Rodríguez-López ES, Garnacho-Garnacho VE, Guodemar-Pérez J, García-Fernández P, Ruiz-López M. One year of pilates training for ankylosing spondylitis: A pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2019;25:1054-61, http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2018.0405. [ Links ]

70. Rosu MO, Topa I, Chirieac R, Ancuta C. Effects of pilates, McKenzie and Heckscher training on disease activity, spinal motility and pulmonary function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A randomized controlled trial. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34:367-72, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-013-2869-y. [ Links ]

71. Altan L, Korkmaz N, Dizdar M, Yurtkuran M. Effect of pilates training on people with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32:2093-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-011-1932-9. [ Links ]

72. Chen FC, Jin ZL, Wang DF. A retrospective study of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for chronic pain following ankylosing spondylitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97:e11265, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000011265. [ Links ]

73. Akyuz G, Kenis-Coskun O. The efficacy of tai chi and yoga in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathies: A narrative biomedical review. Rheumatol Int. 2018;38:321-30, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-017-3867-2. [ Links ]

74. Kwan YH, Tan JJ, Phang JK, Fong W, Lim KK, Koh HL, et al. Validity and reliability of the ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score with C-reactive protein (ASDAS-CRP) and bath ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in Singapore. Int J Rheum Dis. 2019;22:2206-12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13735. [ Links ]

75. Kilic E, Kilic G, Akgul O, Ozgocmen S. Discriminant validity of the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: A cohort study. Rheumatol Int. 2015;35:981-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-014-3168-y. [ Links ]

76. Au YLE, Wong WSR, Mok MY, Chung HY, Chan E, Lau CS. Disease activity assessment in ankylosing spondylitis in a Chinese cohort: BASDAI or ASDAS? Clin Rheumatol. 2014;33:1127-34, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-014-2729-5. [ Links ]

77. Sellas i Fernandez A, Juanola Roura X, Alonso Ruiz A, Rosas J, Medina Luezas J, Collantes Estevez E, et al. Clinical utility of the ASDAS index in comparison with BASDAI in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Axis Study). Rheumatol Int. 2017;37:1817-23, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-017-3814-2. [ Links ]

* Please cite this article as: Bautista-Molano W, Saldarriaga-Rivera LM, Junca-Ramírez A, Fernández-Aldana AR, Fernández-Ávila DG, Jaimes DA, et al. Guía de práctica clínica 2021 para la detección temprana, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el seguimiento de los pacientes con espondiloartritis axial. Asociación Colombiana de Reumatología. Rev Colomb Reumatol. 2022;29:113-124.

PII of original article: S0121-8123(21)00136-5

Funding The development of this CPG was possible thanks to the unrestricted support of the following entities that jointly financed its realization: Abbvie, Amgen, Janssen, Novartis, and Pfizer. The technical work of the process for the development of this CPG was carried out independently by the GDG.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcreue.2022.03.001.

Received: April 07, 2021; Accepted: August 06, 2021

^*Corresponding author. E-mail address: wilson.bautista@gmail.com (W. Bautista-Molano).

^{Conflict of interests}

The declaration of conflict of interest of each of the members of the GDG was made from the beginning of the process of elaboration of the CPG, and before starting the meetings for the generation of recommendations by all the other participants. No conflict of interest that prevented the participation or voting of any of the members was expressed.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

Related links

Share

Revista Colombiana de Reumatología

Print version ISSN 0121-8123

Rev.Colomb.Reumatol. vol.29 no.2 Bogotá Apr./June 2022 Epub Feb 23, 2023

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcreu.2021.08.003